GATE Mechanical Engineering (ME) Syllabus 2022 

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

• Linear Algebra : Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors

• Calculus : Functions of single variable, limit, continuity and differentiability, mean value theorems, indeterminate forms; evaluation of definite and improper integrals; double and triple integrals; partial derivatives, total derivative, Taylor series (in one and two variables), maxima and minima, Fourier series; gradient, divergence and curl, vector identities, directional derivatives, line, surface and volume integrals, applications of Gauss, Stokes and Green’s theorems

• Differential equations : First order equations (linear and nonlinear); higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients; Euler-Cauchy equation; initial and boundary value problems; Laplace transforms; solutions of heat, wave and Laplace's equations

• Complex variables : Analytic functions; Cauchy-Riemann equations; Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula; Taylor and Laurent series. 

• Probability and Statistics : Definitions of probability, sampling theorems, conditional probability; mean, median, mode and standard deviation; random variables, binomial, Poisson and normal distributions.

• Numerical Methods : Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations; integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules; single and multi-step methods for differential equations

Section 2: Applied Mechanics and Design

Applied Mechanics and Design section from GATE ME Syllabus deals with the application of concepts of mechanics into complex situations and the response of bodies or systems of bodies under the action of external forces.

• Engineering Mechanics : Free-body diagrams and equilibrium; friction and its applications including rolling friction, belt-pulley, brakes, clutches, screw jack, wedge, vehicles, etc.; trusses and frames; virtual work; kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies in plane motion; impulse and momentum (linear and angular) and energy formulations; Lagrange’s equation.

• Mechanics of Materials : Stress and strain, elastic constants, Poisson's ratio; Mohr’s circle for plane stress and plane strain; thin cylinders; shear force and bending moment diagrams; bending and shear stresses; concept of shear centre; deflection of beams; torsion of circular shafts; Euler’s theory of columns; energy methods; thermal stresses; strain gauges and rosettes; testing of materials with universal testing machine; testing of hardness and impact strength

• Theory of Machines : Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of plane mechanisms; dynamic analysis of linkages; cams; gears and gear trains; flywheels and governors; balancing of reciprocating and rotating masses; gyroscope.

• Vibrations : Free and forced vibration of single degree of freedom systems, effect of damping; vibration isolation; resonance; critical speeds of shafts.

• Machine Design : Design for static and dynamic loading; failure theories; fatigue strength and the S-N diagram; principles of the design of machine elements such as bolted, riveted and welded joints; shafts, gears, rolling and sliding contact bearings, brakes and clutches, springs.

Section 3: Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences

Archimedes observed deviation in the mechanics of fluid and forces acting on them long before the term ‘engineering’ was coined. Following the footsteps of Archimedes- Leonardo Da Vinci, Issac Newton, and Blaise Pascal paved the way for Fluid Mechanics with their groundbreaking inventions and indisputable theories. All the advancements in the field of Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Science is condensed in this section of GATE ME syllabus, which is as following:

• Fluid Mechanics : Fluid properties; fluid statics, forces on submerged bodies, stability of floating bodies; control volume analysis of mass, momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and momentum; Bernoulli’s equation; dimensional analysis; viscous flow of incompressible fluids, boundary layer, elementary turbulent flow, flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends and fittings; basics of compressible fluid flow.

• Heat-Transfer : Modes of heat transfer; one dimensional heat conduction, resistance concept and electrical analogy, heat transfer through fins; unsteady heat conduction, lumped parameter system, Heisler's charts; thermal boundary layer, dimensionless parameters in free and forced convective heat transfer, heat transfer correlations for flow over flat plates and through pipes, effect of turbulence; heat exchanger performance, LMTD and NTU methods; radiative heat transfer, Stefan- Boltzmann law, Wien's displacement law, black and grey surfaces, view factors, radiation network analysis.

• Thermodynamics : Thermodynamic systems and processes; properties of pure substances, behavior of ideal and real gases; zeroth and first laws of thermodynamics, calculation of work and heat in various processes; second law of thermodynamics; thermodynamic property charts and tables, availability and irreversibility; thermodynamic relations

• Applications : Power Engineering: Air and gas compressors; vapour and gas power cycles, concepts of regeneration and reheat. I.C. Engines: Air-standard Otto, Diesel and dual cycles. Refrigeration and airconditioning: Vapour and gas refrigeration and heat pump cycles; properties of moist air, psychrometric chart, basic psychrometric processes. Turbomachinery: Impulse and reaction principles, velocity diagrams, Peltonwheel, Francis and Kaplan turbines; steam and gas turbines

Section 4: Materials, Manufacturing, and Industrial Engineering

• Considered the nerve of Mechanical Engineering, Material Science deals with the discovery and design of new elements, with an emphasis over solids.

• Manufacturing Engineering deals with the intricacies of manufacturing processes and other considerations involved in it.

• Industrial Engineering deals with the work culture of Industries and mechanical processes involved with a clear depiction of managing roles needed.

• Engineering Materials : Structure and properties of engineering materials, phase diagrams, heat treatment, stress-strain diagrams for engineering materials.

• Casting, Forming and Joining Processes : Different types of castings, design of patterns, molds and cores; solidification and cooling; riser and gating design. Plastic deformation and yield criteria; fundamentals of hot and cold working processes; load estimation for bulk (forging, rolling, extrusion, drawing) and sheet (shearing, deep drawing, bending) metal forming processes; principles of powder metallurgy. Principles of welding, brazing, soldering and adhesive bonding. 

• Machining and Machine Tool Operations : Mechanics of machining; basic machine tools; single and multi-point cutting tools, tool geometry and materials, tool life and wear; economics of machining; principles of nontraditional machining processes; principles of work holding, jigs and fixtures; abrasive machining processes; NC/CNC machines and CNC programming

• Metrology and Inspection : Limits, fits and tolerances; linear and angular measurements; comparators; interferometry; form and finish measurement; alignment and testing methods; tolerance analysis in manufacturing and assembly; concepts of coordinate-measuring machine (CMM).

• Computer Integrated Manufacturing : Basic concepts of CAD/CAM and their integration tools; additive manufacturing

• Production Planning and Control : Forecasting models, aggregate production planning, scheduling, materials requirement planning; lean manufacturing

• Operations Research : Linear programming, simplex method, transportation, assignment, network flow models, simple queuing models, PERT and CPM.

• Inventory Control : Deterministic models; safety stock inventory control systems.

Section 5: General Aptitude

• Verbal Aptitude : Basic English grammar: tenses, articles, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, verb-noun agreement, and other parts of speech Basic vocabulary: words, idioms, and phrases in context Reading and comprehension Narrative sequencing

• Quantitative Aptitude : Data interpretation: data graphs (bar graphs, pie charts, and other graphs representing data), 2- and 3-dimensional plots, maps, and tables Numerical computation and estimation: ratios, percentages, powers, exponents and logarithms, permutations and combinations, and series Mensuration and geometry Elementary statistics and probability. 

• Analytical Aptitude : Logic: deduction and induction, Analogy, Numerical relations and reasoning

• Spatial Aptitude : Transformation of shapes: translation, rotation, scaling, mirroring, assembling, and grouping Paper folding, cutting, and patterns in 2 and 3 dimensions

GATE Civil Engineering Syllabus 2022

GATE Civil engineering has been neatly divided into 7 Sections with each section comprising of the related subjects. The details of the syllabus is given below :

Section 1 – Engineering Mathematics

• Linear Algebra : Matrix algebra; Systems of linear equations; Eigen values and Eigen vectors.

• Calculus : Functions of single variable; Limit, continuity and differentiability; Mean value theorems, local maxima and minima; Taylor series; Evaluation of definite and indefinite integrals, application of definite integral to obtain area and volume; Partial derivatives; Total derivative; Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities; Directional derivatives; Line, Surface and Volume integrals.

• Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) : First order (linear and nonlinear) equations; higher order linear equations with constant coefficients; Euler-Cauchy equations; initial and boundary value problems.

• Partial Differential Equation (PDE) : Fourier series; separation of variables; solutions of one- dimensional diffusion equation; first and second order one-dimensional wave equation and two-dimensional Laplace equation.

• Probability and Statistics : Sampling theorems; Conditional probability; Descriptive statistics - Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Random Variables – Discrete and Continuous, Poisson and Normal Distribution; Linear regression

• Numerical Methods : Error analysis. Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations; Newton’s and Lagrange polynomials; numerical differentiation; Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule; Single and multi-step methods for first order differential equations.

Section 2 – Structural Engineering

• Engineering Mechanics : System of forces, free-body diagrams, equilibrium equations; Internal forces in structures; Frictions and its applications; Centre of mass; Free Vibrations of undamped SDOF system.

• Solid Mechanics : Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams; Simple stress and strain relationships; Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, shear centre; Uniform torsion, Transformation of stress; buckling of column, combined and direct bending stresses

• Structural Analysis : Statically determinate and indeterminate structures by force/ energy methods; Method of superposition; Analysis of trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames; Displacement methods: Slope deflection and moment distribution methods; Influence lines; Stiffness and flexibility methods of structural analysis.

• Construction Materials and Management : Construction Materials: Structural Steel - Composition, material properties and behaviour; Concrete - Constituents, mix design, short-term and long-term properties. Construction Management: Types of construction projects; Project planning and network analysis - PERT and CPM; Cost estimation.

• Concrete Structures : Working stress and Limit state design concepts; Design of beams, slabs, columns; Bond and development length; Prestressed concrete beams.

• Steel Structures : Working stress and Limit state design concepts; Design of tension and compression members, beams and beam- columns, column bases; Connections simple and eccentric, beam-column connections, plate girders and trusses; Concept of plastic analysis - beams and frames.

Section 3 – Geomatics Engineering

• Soil Mechanics : Three-phase system and phase relationships, index properties; Unified and Indian standard soil classification system; Permeability - one dimensional flow, Seepage through soils – two - dimensional flow, flow nets, uplift pressure, piping, capillarity, seepage force; Principle of effective stress and quicksand condition; Compaction of soils; One- dimensional consolidation, time rate of consolidation; Shear Strength, Mohr’s circle, effective and total shear strength parameters, Stress-Strain characteristics of clays and sand; Stress paths.

• Foundation Engineering : Sub-surface investigations - Drilling bore holes, sampling, plate load test, standard penetration and cone penetration tests; Earth pressure theories - Rankine and Coulomb; Stability of slopes – Finite and infinite slopes, Bishop’s method; Stress distribution in soils – Boussinesq’s theory; Pressure bulbs, Shallow foundations – Terzaghi’s and Meyerhoff’s bearing capacity theories, effect of water table; Combined footing and raft foundation; Contact pressure; Settlement analysis in sands and clays; Deep foundations - dynamic and static formulae, Axial load capacity of piles in sands and clays, pile load test, pile under lateral loading, pile group efficiency, negative skin friction.

Section 4 – Water Resources Engineering

• Fluid Mechanics : Properties of fluids, fluid statics; Continuity, momentum and energy equations and their applications; Potential flow, Laminar and turbulent flow; Flow in pipes, pipe networks; Concept of boundary layer and its growth; Concept of lift and drag

• Hydraulics : Forces on immersed bodies; Flow measurement in channels and pipes; Dimensional analysis and hydraulic similitude; Channel Hydraulics - Energy-depth relationships, specific energy, critical flow, hydraulic jump, uniform flow, gradually varied flow and water surface profiles.

• Hydrology : Hydrologic cycle, precipitation, evaporation, evapo-transpiration, watershed, infiltration, unit hydrographs, hydrograph analysis, reservoir capacity, flood estimation and routing, surface run-off models, ground water hydrology - steady state well hydraulics and aquifers; Application of Darcy’s Law.

• Irrigation : Types of irrigation systems and methods; Crop water requirements - Duty, delta, evapo-transpiration; Gravity Dams and Spillways; Lined and unlined canals, Design of weirs on permeable foundation; cross drainage structure

 Section 5 – Environmental Engineering

• Water and Wastewater : Basics of water quality standards – Physical, chemical and biological parameters; Water quality index; Unit processes and operations; Water requirement; Water distribution system; Drinking water treatment. Sewerage system design, quantity of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary treatment. Effluent discharge standards; Sludge disposal; Reuse of treated sewage for different applications.

• Air Pollution : Types of pollutants, their sources and impacts, air pollution control, air quality standards, Air quality Index and limits

• Municipal Solid Wastes : Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid wastes, engineered systems for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery, treatment and disposal).

Section 6 – Transportation Engineering

• Transportation Infrastructure : Geometric design of highways - cross-sectional elements, sight distances, horizontal and vertical alignments. Geometric design of railway Track – Speed and Cant. Concept of airport runway length, calculations and corrections; taxiway and exit taxiway design. 

• Traffic Engineering : Traffic studies on flow and speed, peak hour factor, accident study, statistical analysis of traffic data; Microscopic and macroscopic parameters of traffic flow, fundamental relationships; Traffic signs; Signal design by Webster’s method; Types of intersections; Highway capacity

• Highway Pavements : Highway materials - desirable properties and tests; Desirable properties of bituminous paving mixes; Design factors for flexible and rigid pavements; Design of flexible and rigid pavement using IRC codes.

Section 7 – Geotechnical Engineering

• Geotechnical Engineering : Principles of surveying; Errors and their adjustment; Maps - scale, coordinate system Distance and angle measurement - Levelling and trigonometric levelling; Traversing and triangulation survey Total station; Horizontal and vertical curves. Photogrammetry - scale, flying height; Remote sensing - basics, platform and sensors, visual image interpretation; Basics of Geographical information system (GIS) and Geographical Positioning system (GPS).

GATE Computer Science & Information Technology Syllabus 2022

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

• Discrete Mathematics : Propositional and first-order logic. Sets, relations, functions, partial orders and lattices. Monoids, Groups. Graphs: connectivity, matching, coloring. Combinatorics: counting, recurrence relations, generating functions.

• Linear Algebra : Matrices, determinants, system of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, LU decomposition.

• Calculus : Limits, continuity and differentiability. Maxima and minima. Mean value theorem. Integration.

• Probability : Random variables. Uniform, normal, exponential, poisson and binomial distributions. Mean, median, mode and standard deviation. Conditional probability and Bayes theorem.

Section 2: Digital Logic

• Section 1 : Boolean algebra. Combinational and sequential circuits. Minimization.

• Section 2 : Number representations and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating-point).

Section 3: Computer Organization and Architecture

• Section 1 : Machine instructions and addressing modes. ALU, data‐path and control unit. Instruction pipelining, pipeline hazards.

• Section 2 : Memory hierarchy: cache, main memory and secondary storage; I/O interface (interrupt and DMA mode).

Section 4: Programming and Data Structures

• Section 1 : Programming in C. Recursion. Arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, binary search trees, binary heaps, graphs.

Section 5: Algorithms

• Section 1 : Searching, sorting, hashing. Asymptotic worst case time and space complexity. Algorithm design techniques: greedy, dynamic programming and divide‐and conquer.

• Section 2 : Graph traversals, minimum spanning trees, shortest paths

Section 6: Theory of Computation

• Section 1 : Regular expressions and finite automata. Context-free grammars and push-down automata. Regular and context-free languages, pumping lemma. Turing machines and undecidability.

Section 7: Compiler Design

• Section 1 : Lexical analysis, parsing, syntax-directed translation. Runtime environments. Intermediate code generation.

• Section 2 : Local optimization, Data flow analyses: constant propagation, liveness analysis, common subexpression elimination.

Section 8: Operating System

• Section 1 : System calls, processes, threads, inter‐process communication, concurrency and synchronization.

• Section 2 : Deadlock. CPU and I/O scheduling. Memory management and virtual memory. File systems.

Section 9: Databases

• Section 1 : ER‐model. Relational model: relational algebra, tuple calculus, SQL.

• Section 2 : Integrity constraints, normal forms. File organization, indexing (e.g., B and B+ trees). Transactions and concurrency control.

Section 10: Computer Networks

• Concept of layering : OSI and TCP/IP Protocol Stacks; Basics of packet, circuit and virtual circuit-switching;

• Data link layer : framing, error detection, Medium Access Control, Ethernet bridging; Routing protocols: shortest path, flooding, distance vector and link state routing; Fragmentation and IP addressing, IPv4, CIDR notation,

• ------------------- : Basics of IP support protocols (ARP, DHCP, ICMP), Network Address Translation (NAT); Transport layer: flow control and congestion control, UDP, TCP, sockets; Application layer protocols: DNS, SMTP, HTTP, FTP, Email.

GATE CSE Syllabus 2023- General Aptitude

• Verbal Aptitude : Basic English grammar: tenses, articles, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, verb-noun agreement, and other parts of speech Basic vocabulary: words, idioms, and phrases in context Reading and comprehension Narrative sequencing

• Quantitative Aptitude : Data interpretation: data graphs (bar graphs, pie charts, and other graphs representing data), 2- and 3-dimensional plots, maps, and tables Numerical computation and estimation: ratios, percentages, powers, exponents and logarithms, permutations and combinations, and series Mensuration and geometry Elementary statistics and probability. 

• Analytical Aptitude : Logic: deduction and induction, Analogy, Numerical relations and reasoning

• Spatial Aptitude : Transformation of shapes: translation, rotation, scaling, mirroring, assembling, and grouping Paper folding, cutting, and patterns in 2 and 3 dimensions

GATE Electrical Engineering Syllabus 2022

GATE 2022 Syllabus for Electrical Engineering is divided into 10 sections with topics that need to be covered. Candidates can check the Syllabus for GATE Electrical Engineering below:

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

• Linear Algebra

• Calculus

• Differential equations

• Complex variables

• Probability and Statistics

Section 2: Electric Circuits

• Network elements: ideal voltage and current sources, dependent sources, R, L, C, M elements; Network solution methods

• KCL, KVL, Node and Mesh analysis; Network Theorems: Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Superposition and Maximum Power Transfer theorem

• Transient response of dc and ac networks, sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, two-port networks, balanced three-phase circuits, star-delta transformation, complex power and power factor in ac circuits.

Section 3: Electromagnetic Fields

• Coulomb's Law, Electric Field Intensity, Electric Flux Density, Gauss's Law, Divergence, Electric field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions

• Effect of dielectric medium, Capacitance of simple configurations, Biot‐Savart’s law, Ampere’s law, Curl, Faraday’s law, Lorentz force, Inductance

• Magnetomotive force, Reluctance, Magnetic circuits, Self and Mutual inductance of simple configurations.

Section 4: Signals and Systems

• Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals, shifting and scaling properties, linear time-invariant and causal systems

• Fourier series representation of continuous and discrete-time periodic signals, sampling theorem

• Applications of Fourier Transform for continuous and discrete-time signals, Laplace Transform and Z transform.

Section 5: Electrical Machines

• Single-phase transformer: equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, open circuit and short circuit tests, regulation and efficiency

• Three-phase transformers: connections, vector groups, parallel operation; Auto-transformer, Electromechanical energy conversion principles; DC machines: separately excited, series and shunt, motoring and generating mode of operation and their characteristics, speed control of dc motors

• Three-phase induction machines: principle of operation, types, performance, torque-speed characteristics, no-load and blocked-rotor tests, equivalent circuit, starting and speed control; Operating principle of single-phase induction motors

• Synchronous machines: cylindrical and salient pole machines, performance and characteristics, regulation and parallel operation of generators, starting of synchronous motors; Types of losses and efficiency calculations of electric machines

Section 6: Power Systems

• Basic concepts of electrical power generation, ac and dc transmission concepts, Models and performance of transmission lines and cables, Series and shunt compensation, Electric field distribution and insulators

• Distribution systems, Per‐unit quantities, Bus admittance matrix, Gauss- Seidel and Newton-Raphson load flow methods, Voltage and Frequency control, Power factor correction, Symmetrical components, Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis

• Principles of over‐current, differential, directional and distance protection; Circuit breakers, System stability concepts, Equal area criterion, Economic Load Dispatch (with and without considering transmission losses).

Section 7: Control Systems

• Mathematical modeling and representation of systems, Feedback principle, transfer function, Block diagrams and Signal flow graphs, Transient and Steady‐state analysis of linear time invariant systems, Stability analysis using Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist criteria, Bode plots, Root loci, Lag, Lead and Lead‐Lag compensators

• P, PI and PID controllers; State space model, Solution of state equations of LTI systems, R.M.S. value, average value calculation for any general periodic waveform.

Section 8: Electrical and Electronic Measurements

• Bridges and Potentiometers, Measurement of voltage, current, power, energy and power factor

• Instrument transformers, Digital voltmeters and multimeters, Phase, Time and Frequency measurement; Oscilloscopes, Error analysis.

Section 9: Analog and Digital Electronics

• Simple diode circuits: clipping, clamping, rectifiers; Amplifiers: biasing, equivalent circuit and frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational amplifiers: characteristics and applications; single stage active filters, Sallen Key, Butterworth

• VCOs and timers, combinatorial and sequential logic circuits, multiplexers, demultiplexers, Schmitt triggers, sample and hold circuits, A/D and D/A converters.

Section 10: Power Electronics

• Static V-I characteristics and firing/gating circuits for Thyristor, MOSFET, IGBT; DC to DC conversion: Buck, Boost and Buck-Boost Converters

• Single and three-phase configuration of uncontrolled rectifiers; Voltage and Current commutated Thyristor based converters; Bidirectional ac to dc voltage source converters

• Magnitude and Phase of line current harmonics for uncontrolled and thyristor based converters

• Power factor and Distortion Factor of ac to dc converters; Single-phase and three-phase voltage and current source inverters, sinusoidal pulse width modulation.

GATE General Aptitude Syllabus 2022

General Aptitude (GA) is a common section in all GATE Papers and holds 15% of the total marks. The questions in GA are based on verbal ability and numerical ability. The 2 subsections in the GA section are as follows:

1. Verbal Ability- The following topics are tested in this section: English Grammar, Sentence Completion, Verbal Analogies, Word Groups, Instructions, Critical Reasoning, Verbal Deduction.

2. Numerical Ability – This section consists of questions that test the basic mathematical skills of candidates. The following subtopics included in this section are: Numerical computation, Numerical Estimation, Numerical Reasoning, Data Interpretation.

GATE Syllabus for ECE 2022

GATE Syllabus for ECE 2022 is consists of eight major sections including Engineering Mathematics. These include:

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

• Linear Algebra: Vector space, basis, linear dependence and independence, matrix algebra, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, rank, solution of linear equations- existence and uniqueness.

• Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite and improper integrals, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, line, surface and volume integrals, Taylor series.

• Differential Equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), higher order linear differential equations, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, methods of solution using variation of parameters, complementary function and particular integral, partial differential equations, variable separable method, initial and boundary value problems.

• Vector Analysis: Vectors in plane and space, vector operations, gradient, divergence and curl, Gauss's, Green's and Stokes’ theorems.

• Complex Analysis: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula, sequences, series, convergence tests, Taylor and Laurent series, residue theorem.

• Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, combinatorial probability, probability distributions, binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, exponential distribution, normal distribution, joint and conditional probability.

Section 2: Networks, Signals, and Systems

• Circuit analysis: Node and mesh analysis, superposition, Thevenin's theorem, Norton’s theorem, reciprocity. Sinusoidal steady state analysis: phasors, complex power, maximum power transfer. Time and frequency domain analysis of linear circuits: RL, RC and RLC circuits, solution of network equations using Laplace transform.

• Linear 2-port network parameters, wye-delta transformation.

• Continuous-time signals: Fourier series and Fourier transform, sampling theorem and applications.

• Discrete-time signals: DTFT, DFT, z-transform, discrete-time processing of continuous-time signals. LTI systems: definition and properties, causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, frequency response, group delay, phase delay.

Section 3: Electronic Devices

• Energy bands in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, equilibrium carrier concentration, direct and indirect band-gap semiconductors.

• Carrier transport: diffusion current, drift current, mobility and resistivity, generation and recombination of carriers, Poisson and continuity equations.

• P-N junction, Zener diode, BJT, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, photo diode and solar cell.

Section 4: Analog Circuits

• Diode circuits: clipping, clamping and rectifiers.

• BJT and MOSFET amplifiers: biasing, ac coupling, small signal analysis, frequency response.

• Current mirrors and differential amplifiers.

• Op-amp circuits: Amplifiers, summers, differentiators, integrators, active filters, Schmitt triggers and oscillators.

Section 5: Digital Circuits

• Number representations: binary, integer and floating-point- numbers.

• Combinatorial circuits: Boolean algebra, minimization of functions using Boolean identities and Karnaugh map, logic gates and their static CMOS implementations, arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, decoders.

• Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters, shift-registers, finite state machines, propagation delay, setup and hold time, critical path delay.

• Data converters: sample and hold circuits, ADCs and DACs.

• Semiconductor memories: ROM, SRAM, DRAM.

• Computer organization: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU, data-path and control unit, instruction pipelining.

Section 6: Control Systems

• Basic control system components; Feedback principle; Transfer function; Block diagram representation; Signal flow graph; Transient and steady-state analysis of LTI systems; Frequency response; Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist stability criteria; Bode and root-locus plots; Lag, lead and lag-lead compensation; State variable model and solution of state equation of LTI systems.

Section 7: Communications

• Random processes: autocorrelation and power spectral density, properties of white noise, filtering of random signals through LTI systems.

• Analog communications: amplitude modulation and demodulation, angle modulation and demodulation, spectra of AM and FM, superheterodyne receivers.

• Information theory: entropy, mutual information and channel capacity theorem.

• Digital communications: PCM, DPCM, digital modulation schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK, QAM), bandwidth, inter-symbol interference, MAP, ML detection, matched filter receiver, SNR and BER.

• Fundamentals of error correction, Hamming codes, CRC.

Section 8: Electromagnetics

• Maxwell's equations: differential and integral forms and their interpretation, boundary conditions,wave equation, Poynting vector.

• Plane waves and properties: reflection and refraction, polarization, phase and group velocity, propagation through various media, skin depth.

• Transmission lines: equations, characteristic impedance, impedance matching, impedance transformation, S-parameters, Smith chart.

• Rectangular and circular waveguides, light propagation in optical fibers, dipole and monopole antennas, linear antenna arrays.

Section 9 - General Aptitude 

• Verbal Ability: English grammar; Sentence completion, Instructions; Verbal analogies, Word groups; Critical reasoning, Verbal deduction. 

• Numerical Ability:Numerical computation; Numerical reasoning; Numerical estimation; Data interpretation. 

GATE Syllabus for Instrumentation Engineering (IN) 2022

GATE syllabus for Instrumentation Engineering divided into 10 important topics including engineering mathematics. Candidate can check the detailed GATE Syllabus for Instrumentation Engineering (IN) with all the important topics and sub-topics: 

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

• Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, consistency and rank, Eigen values and Eigen vectors. 

• Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, Fourier series, vector identities, line, surface and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems. 

• Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), second order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, initial and boundary value problems, solution of partial differential equations: variable separable method. 

• Analysis of complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor’s and Laurent’s series, residue theorem, solution of integrals. 

• Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, conditional probability, mean, median, mode, standard deviation and variance; random variables: discrete and continuous distributions: normal, Poisson and binomial distributions. 

• Numerical Methods: Matrix inversion, solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, iterative methods for solving differential equations, numerical integration, regression and correlation analysis.

Section 2: Electricity and Magnetism

• Coulomb's Law, Electric Field Intensity, Electric Flux Density, Gauss's Law, Divergence, Electric field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions, Effect of dielectric medium, Capacitance of simple configurations, Biot‐Savart’s law, Ampere’s law, Curl, Faraday’s law, Lorentz force, Inductance,

• Magnetomotive force, Reluctance, Magnetic circuits, Self and Mutual inductance of simple configurations.

Section 3: Electrical Circuits and Machines

• Voltage and current sources: independent, dependent, ideal and practical; v-i relationships of resistor, inductor, mutual inductance and capacitor; transient analysis of RLC circuits with dc excitation.

• Kirchoff’s laws, mesh and nodal analysis, superposition, Thevenin, Norton, maximum power transfer and reciprocity theorems.

• Peak-, average- and rms values of ac quantities; apparent-, active- and reactive powers; phasor analysis, impedance and admittance; series and parallel resonance, locus diagrams, realization of basic filters with R, L and C elements. transient analysis of RLC circuits with ac excitation.

• One-port and two-port networks, driving point impedance and admittance, open-, and short circuit parameters.

• Single phase transformer: equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, open circuit and short circuit tests, regulation and efficiency; Three phase induction motors: principle of operation, types, performance, torque-speed characteristics, no-load and blocked rotor tests, equivalent circuit, starting and speed control; Types of losses and efficiency calculations of electric machines.

Section 4: Signals and Systems

• Periodic, aperiodic and impulse signals; Laplace, Fourier and z-transforms; transfer function, frequency response of first and second order linear time invariant systems, impulse response of systems; convolution, correlation. Discrete time system: impulse response, frequency response, pulse transfer function; DFT and FFT; basics of IIR and FIR filters.

Section 5: Control Systems

• Feedback principles, signal flow graphs, transient response, steady-state-errors, Bode plot, phase and gain margins, Routh and Nyquist criteria, root loci, design of lead, lag and lead-lag compensators, state-space representation of systems; time-delay systems; mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic system components, synchro pair, servo and stepper motors, servo valves; on-off, P, P-I, P-I-D, cascade, feedforward, and ratio controllers.

Section 6: Analog Electronics

• Characteristics and applications of diode, Zener diode, BJT and MOSFET; small signal analysis of transistor circuits, feedback amplifiers. Characteristics of operational amplifiers; applications of op amps: difference amplifier, adder, subtractor, integrator, differentiator, instrumentation amplifier, precision rectifier, active filters and other circuits. Oscillators, signal generators, voltage controlled oscillators and phase locked loop.

Section 7: Digital Electronics

• Combinational logic circuits, minimization of Boolean functions. IC families: TTL and CMOS. Arithmetic circuits, comparators, Schmitt trigger, multi-vibrators, sequential circuits, flip flops, shift registers, timers and counters; sample-and-hold circuit, multiplexer, analog-to digital (successive approximation, integrating, flash and sigma-delta) and digital-to analog converters (weighted R, R-2R ladder and current steering logic). Characteristics of ADC and DAC

Section 8: Measurements

• SI units, systematic and random errors in measurement, expression of uncertainty - accuracy and precision index, propagation of errors. PMMC, MI and dynamometer type instruments; dc potentiometer; bridges for measurement of R, L and C, Q-meter. Measurement of voltage, current and power in single and three phase circuits; ac and dc current probes; true rms meters, voltage and current scaling, instrument transformers, timer/counter, time, phase and frequency measurements, digital voltmeter, digital multimeter; oscilloscope, shielding and grounding.

Section 9: Sensors and Industrial Instrumentation

• Resistive-, capacitive-, inductive-, piezoelectric-, Hall effect sensors and associated signal conditioning circuits; transducers for industrial instrumentation: displacement (linear and angular), velocity, acceleration, force, torque, vibration, shock, pressure (including low pressure), flow (differential pressure, variable area, electromagnetic, ultrasonic, turbine and open channel flow meters) temperature (thermocouple, bolometer, RTD (3/4 wire), thermistor, pyrometer and semiconductor); liquid level, pH, conductivity and viscosity measurement.

Section 10: Communication and Optical Instrumentation

• Amplitude- and frequency modulation and demodulation; Shannon's sampling theorem, pulse code modulation; frequency and time division multiplexing, amplitude-, phase-, frequency-, pulse shift keying for digital modulation; optical sources and detectors: LED, laser, photo-diode, light dependent resistor and their characteristics; interferometer: applications in metrology; basics of fiber optic sensing.

General Aptitude Syllabus for GATE 2022 Instrumentation Engineering

• Verbal Ability: English grammar; Sentence completion, Instructions; Verbal analogies, Word groups; Critical reasoning, Verbal deduction. 

• Numerical Ability: Numerical computation; Numerical reasoning; Numerical estimation; Data interpretation.

GATE Syllabus for Production & Industrial Engineering (PI) 2022

Section 1 – Engineering Mathematics

• Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, consistency and rank, Eigen values and Eigen vectors. 

• Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, Fourier series, vector identities, line, surface and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems. 

• Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), second order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, initial and boundary value problems, solution of partial differential equations: variable separable method. 

• Analysis of complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor’s and Laurent’s series, residue theorem, solution of integrals. 

• Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, conditional probability, mean, median, mode, standard deviation and variance; random variables: discrete and continuous distributions: normal, Poisson and binomial distributions. 

• Numerical Methods: Matrix inversion, solutions of nonlinear algebraic equations, iterative methods for solving differential equations, numerical integration, regression and correlation analysis.

Section 2: General Engineering

• Engineering Materials: Structure, physical and mechanical properties, and applications of common engineering materials (metals and alloys, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers, and composites – metal, polymer and ceramic based); Iron-carbon equilibrium phase diagram; Heat treatment of metals and alloys and its influence on mechanical properties; Stress-strain behavior of metals and alloys.

• Applied Mechanics: Engineering mechanics – equivalent force systems, free body concepts, equations of equilibrium; Trusses; Strength of materials – stress, strain and their relationship; Failure theories; Mohr’s circle (stress); Deflection of beams, bending and shear stresses; Euler’s theory of columns; Thick and thin cylinders; Torsion.

• Theory of Machines and Design: Analysis of planar mechanisms, cams and followers; Governors and flywheels; Design of bolted, riveted and welded joints; Interference/shrink fit joints; Friction and lubrication; Design of shafts, keys, couplings, spur gears, belt drives, brakes and clutches; Pressure vessels.

• Thermal and Fluids Engineering: Fluid mechanics – fluid statics, Bernoulli’s equation, flow through pipes, laminar and turbulent flows, equations of continuity and momentum, capillary action; Dimensional analysis Thermodynamics – zeroth, first and second laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic systems and processes, calculation of work and heat for systems and control volumes; Air standard cycles; Heat transfer – basic applications of conduction, convection and radiation.

Section 3: Manufacturing Processes I

• Casting: Types of casting processes and applications; Sand casting: patterns – types, materials and allowances; molds and cores–materials, making, and testing; design of gating system and riser; casting techniques of cast iron, steels, and nonferrous metals and alloys; analysis of solidification and microstructure development; Other casting techniques: Pressure die casting, Centrifugal casting, Investment casting, Shell mold casting; Casting defects and their inspection by non-destructive testing.

• Metal Forming: Stress-strain relations in elastic and plastic deformation; von Mises and Tresca yield criteria, Concept of flow stress; Hot, warm and cold working; Bulk forming processes - forging, rolling, extrusion and wire drawing; Sheet metal working processes – blanking, punching, bending, stretch forming, spinning and deep drawing; Ideal work and slab analysis; Defects in metal working and their causes.

• Joining of Materials: Classification of joining processes; Principles of fusion welding processes using different heat sources (flame, arc, resistance, laser, electron beam), Heat transfer and associated losses; Arc welding processes - SMAW, GMAW, GTAW, plasma arc, submerged arc welding processes; Principles of solid state welding processes - friction welding, friction stir welding, ultrasonic welding; Welding defects - causes and inspection; Principles of adhesive joining, brazing and soldering processes.

• Powder Processing: Production of metal/ceramic powders, compaction and sintering of metals and ceramic powders, Cold and hot isostatic pressing.

• Polymers and Composites: Polymer processing – injection, compression and blow molding, extrusion, calendaring and thermoforming; Molding of composites.

Section 4: Manufacturing Processes II

• Machining: Orthogonal and oblique machining, Single point cutting tool and tool signature, Chip formation, cutting forces, Merchant’s analysis, Specific cutting energy and power; Machining parameters and material removal rate; tool materials, Tool wear and tool life; Thermal aspects of machining, cutting fluids, machinability; Economics of machining; Machining processes - turning, taper turning, thread cutting, drilling, boring, milling, gear cutting, thread production; Finishing processes – grinding, honing, lapping and superfinishing.

• Machine Tools: Lathe, milling, drilling and shaping machines – construction and kinematics; Jigs and fixtures – principles, applications, and design.

• Advanced Manufacturing: Principles and applications of USM, AJM, WJM, AWJM, EDM and Wire EDM, LBM, EBM, PAM, CHM, ECM; Effect of process parameters on material removal rate, surface roughness and power consumption; Additive manufacturing techniques.

• Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Basic concepts of CAD and CAM, Geometric modeling, CNC; Automation in Manufacturing; Industrial Robots – configurations, drives and controls; Cellular manufacturing and FMS – Group Technology, CAPP.

Section 5: Quality and Reliability

• Metrology and Inspection: Accuracy and precision; Types of errors; Limits, fits and tolerances; Gauge design, Interchangeability, Selective assembly; Linear, angular, and form measurements (straightness, flatness, roundness, runout and cylindricity) by mechanical and optical methods; Inspection of screw threads and gears; Surface roughness measurement by contact and non-contact methods.

• Quality Management: Quality – concept and costs; Statistical quality control – process capability analysis, control charts for variables and attributes and acceptance sampling; Six sigma; Total quality management; Quality assurance and certification - ISO 9000, ISO14000.

• Reliability and Maintenance: Reliability, availability and maintainability; Distribution of failure and repair times; Determination of MTBF and MTTR, Reliability models; Determination of system reliability; Preventive and predictive maintenance and replacement, Total productive maintenance.

Section 6: Industrial Engineering

• Product Design and Development: Principles of product design, tolerance design; Quality and cost considerations; Product life cycle; Standardization, simplification, diversification; Value engineering and analysis; Concurrent engineering; Design for “X”.

• Work System Design: Taylor’s scientific management, Gilbreths’s contributions; Productivity – concepts and measurements; Method study, Micro-motion study, Principles of motion economy; Work measurement – time study, Work sampling, Standard data, PMTS; Ergonomics; Job evaluation and merit rating.

• Facility Design: Facility location factors and evaluation of alternate locations; Types of plant layout and their evaluation; Computer aided layout design techniques; Assembly line balancing; Materials handling systems.

Section 7: Operations research and Operations management

• Operation Research: Linear programming – problem formulation, simplex method, duality and sensitivity analysis; Transportation and assignment models; Integer programming; Constrained and unconstrained nonlinear optimization; Markovian queuing models; Simulation – manufacturing applications.

• Engineering Economy and Costing: Elementary cost accounting and methods of depreciation; Break-even analysis; Techniques for evaluation of capital investments; Financial statements; Activity based costing.

• Production control: Forecasting techniques – causal and time series models, moving average, exponential smoothing, trend and seasonality; Aggregate production planning; Master production scheduling; MRP, MRP-II and ERP; Routing, scheduling and priority dispatching; Push and pull production systems, concepts of Lean and JIT manufacturing systems; Logistics, distribution, and supply chain management; Inventory – functions, costs, classifications, deterministic inventory models, quantity discount; Perpetual and periodic inventory control systems.

• Project management: Scheduling techniques – Gantt chart, CPM, PERT and GERT.

Section 8 - General Aptitude 

• Verbal Ability:  English grammar; Sentence completion, Instructions; Verbal analogies, Word groups; Critical reasoning, Verbal deduction. 

• Numerical Ability: Numerical computation; Numerical reasoning; Numerical estimation; Data interpretation. 

GATE Aerospace Engineering Syllabus 2022

GATE Aerospace Engineering Syllabus consists of 6 sections. In each of the sections, the topics have been divided into two categories – Core Topics and Special Topics. The paper would consist of about 90% of the questions from the core aerospace topics with the rest 10% from the Special Topics for the respective sections

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Engineering mathematics is a branch of applied mathematics concerning mathematical methods and techniques that are typically used in engineering and industry. It is one of the difficult sections of the paper. This section carries fifteen percent weightage of the total questions. The topics include in this section are - 

CORE TOPIC

• Linear Algebra

• Calculus

• Differential Equations

SPECIAL TOPIC

• Fourier Series, Laplace Transforms, Complex analysis, Probability and statistics.

• Numerical methods for linear and nonlinear algebraic equations

• Numerical integration and differentiation.

Section 2: Flight Mechanics

Flight mechanics are related to the operations of fixed-wing (gliders, airplanes) and rotary wing (helicopters) aircrafts. An Aeroplane (Airplane in US usage), is defined in ICAO Document 9110. The topics include in this section are - 

CORE TOPIC

• Basics: Atmosphere: Properties, standard atmosphere. Classification of aircraft. Airplane (fixed wing aircraft) configuration and various parts. Pressure altitude; equivalent, calibrated, indicated air speeds; Primary flight instruments: Altimeter, ASI, VSI, Turn-bank indicator. Angle of attack, side slip; Roll, pitch & yaw controls. Aerodynamic forces and moments.

• Airplane performance: Drag polar; takeoff and landing; steady climb & descent; absolute and service ceiling; range and endurance, load factor, turning flight, V-n diagram. Winds: head, tail & cross winds. 

• Static stability: Stability & control derivatives; longitudinal stick fixed & free stability; horizontal tail position and size; directional stability, vertical tail position and size; lateral stability. Wing dihedral, sweep & position; hinge moments, stick forces.

SPECIAL TOPIC

• Dynamic stability, Euler angles, Equations of motion

• Longitudinal modes, lateral-directional modes.

• Decoupling of longitudinal and lateral-directional dynamics

Section 3: Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of air, particularly its interaction with a solid object, such as an airplane wing. Aerodynamics is a sub-field of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, and many aspects of aerodynamics theory are common to these fields. The topics include in this section are - 

CORE TOPIC

• Basic Fluid Mechanics: Conservation laws: Mass, momentum and energy (Integral and differential form) Dimensional analysis and dynamic similarity; Potential flow theory: sources, sinks, doublets, line vortex and their superposition. Elementary ideas of viscous flows including boundary layers.

• Airfoils and wings: Airfoil nomenclature; Aerodynamic coefficients: lift, drag and moment; Kutta-Joukoswki theorem Thin airfoil theory, Kutta condition, starting vortex; Finite wing theory: Induced drag Prandtl lifting line theory; Critical and drag divergence Mach number.

• Compressible Flows: Basic concepts of compressibility, One-dimensional compressible flows, Isentropic flows Fanno flow, Rayleigh flow; Normal and oblique shocks, Prandtl-Meyer flow; Flow through nozzles and diffusers.

SPECIAL TOPIC

• Shock - boundary layer interaction.

• Wind Tunnel Testing

• Measurement and visualization techniques

Section 4: Structures

A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system. Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as biological organisms, minerals, and chemicals. Abstract structures include data structures in computer science and musical form. The topics include in this section are - 

CORE TOPIC

• Strength of Materials: Stress and strain: Three-dimensional transformations, Mohr's circle, principal stresses Three-dimensional Hooke's law, Plane stress and strain. Failure theories: Maximum stress, Tresca and von Mises. Strain energy. Castigliano's principles. Statically determinate and indeterminate trusses and beams. Elastic flexural buckling of columns.

• Flight vehicle structures: Characteristics of aircraft structures and materials. Torsion, bending and shear of thin-walled sections. Loads on aircraft.

• Structural Dynamics: Free and forced vibrations of undamped and damped SDOF systems. Free vibrations of undamped 2-DOF systems.

SPECIAL TOPIC

• Vibration of beams

• Theory of elasticity

• Equilibrium and compatibility equations, Airy’s stress function.

Section 5: Propulsion

Propulsion is a means of creating force leading to movement. A propulsion system consists of a source of mechanical power, and a propulsor (means of converting this power into propulsive force). The topics include in this section are - 

CORE TOPIC

• Basics: Thermodynamics, boundary layers, heat transfer, combustion and thermochemistry.

• Aerothermodynamics of aircraft engines: Thrust, efficiency, range. Brayton cycle. Engine performance: ramjet, turbojet, turbofan, turboprop and turboshaft engines. Afterburners.

• Turbomachinery: Axial compressors: Angular momentum, work and compression, characteristic performance of a single axial compressor stage Efficiency of the compressor and degree of reaction, multi-staging. Centrifugal compressor: Stage dynamics, inducer, impeller and diffuser. Axial turbines: Stage performance.

• Rockets: Thrust equation and specific impulse, rocket performance. Multi-staging. Chemical rockets. Performance of solid and liquid propellant rockets.

SPECIAL TOPIC

• Aerothermodynamics of non-rotating propulsion components such as intakes, combustor and nozzle.

• Turbine blade cooling.

• Compressor-turbine matching

• Surge and stall

Section 6: Space Dynamics

Space dynamics is the study of man made objects in space when subjected to natural forces or any artificially induced forces in space. The topics include in this section are - 

CORE TOPIC

• Central force motion, determination of trajectory and orbital period in simple cases. Kepler’s laws; escape velocity.

SPECIAL TOPIC

• Orbit transfer, in-plane and out-of-plane.

Section 7 :General Aptitude 

General Aptitude is a common section to all the GATE Papers. It is helpful for testing the analytical skills along with comprehension skills sof the candidate. The topics include in this section are 

CORE TOPIC

• English grammar; Sentence completion, Instructions; Verbal analogies, Word groups; Critical reasoning, Verbal deduction.

SPECIAL TOPIC

•  Numerical computation; Numerical reasoning; Numerical estimation; Data interpretation. 

GATE Syllabus for Architecture & Planning (AR) 2022

GATE Syllabus for Architecture & Planning (AR) will consist of 8 sections. Architecture & Design is the most important section of Architecture and Planning. Candidates can check the Architecture and Planning syllabus as given below:

GATE Syllabus for Architecture & Planning (AR): Part A Common

• Section 1: Architecture, Planning and Design Architectural – Graphics; Visual composition in 2D and 3D; Computer application in Architecture and Planning; Anthropometrics; Organization of space; Circulation- horizontal and vertical; Space Standards; Universal design; Building bye laws; Codes and standards;

• Section 2: Construction and Management – Project management techniques e.g. PERT, CPM etc. ; Estimation and Specification; Professional practice and ethics; Form and Structure; Principles and design of disaster resistant structures; Temporary structures for rehabilitation;

• Section 3: Environmental Planning and Design – Natural and man-made ecosystem; Ecological principles; Environmental considerations in planning and design; Environmental pollution- types, causes, controls and abatement strategies; Sustainable development, goals and strategies; Climate change and built environment; Climate responsive design;

• Section 4: Urban Design, landscape and Conservation – Historical and modern examples of urban design; Elements of urban built environment – urban form, spaces, structure, pattern, fabric, texture, grain etc.; Concepts and theories of urban design; Principles, tools and techniques of urban design; Public spaces, character, spatial qualities and Sense of Place; Urban design interventions for sustainable development and transportation; Development controls – FAR, densities and building byelaws. ; Urban renewal and conservation; heritage conservation; historical public spaces and gardens; Landscape design; Site planning.

• Section 5: Planning process – Salient concepts, theories and principles of urban planning; concepts of cities - Eco-City, Smart City; Concepts and theories by trendsetting planners and designers; Ekistics; Urban sociology; Social, Economic and environmental cost benefit analysis; Methods of non-spatial and spatial data analysis; Development guidelines such as URDPFI;

• Section 6: Housing – Housing typologies; Concepts, principles and examples of neighbourhood; Residential densities; Affordable Housing; Real estate valuation;

• Section 7: Services and Infrastructure – Firefighting Systems; Building Safety and Security systems; Building Management Systems; Water treatment; Water supply and distribution system; Water harvesting systems; Principles, Planning and Design of storm water drainage system; Sewage disposal methods; Methods of solid waste management - collection, transportation and disposal; Recycling and Reuse of solid waste; Land-use – transportation - urban form inter- relationships; Design of roads, intersections, grade separators and parking areas; Hierarchy of roads and level of service; Para-transits and other modes of transportation, Pedestrian and slow moving traffic planning;

GATE Syllabus for Architecture & Planning (AR): Part B1 Architecture

• Section B1.1: History and Contemporary Architecture – Principles of Art and Architecture; World History of Architecture: Egyptian, Greco-Roman classical period, Byzantine, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque-Rococo, etc.; Recent trends in Contemporary Architecture: Art nouveau, Art Deco, Eclecticism, International styles, Postmodernism, Deconstruction in architecture, etc.; Influence of Modern art and Design in Architecture; Indian vernacular and traditional Architecture, Oriental Architecture ; Works of renowned national and international architects

• Section B1.2: Building Construction and Structural systems – Building construction techniques, methods and details; Building systems and prefabrication of building elements; Principles of Modular Coordination; Construction planning and equipment; Building material characteristics and applications; Principles of strength of materials; Alternative building materials; Foundations; Design of structural elements with different materials; Elastic and Limit State design; Structural systems; Principles of Prestressing; High Rise and Long Span structures, gravity and lateral load resisting systems

• Section B1.3: Building Services and Sustainability – Solar architecture; Thermal, visual and acoustic comfort in built environments; Natural and Mechanical ventilation in buildings; Air-Conditioning systems; Sustainable building strategies; Building Performance Simulation and Evaluation; Intelligent Buildings; Water supply; Sewerage and drainage systems; Sanitary fittings and fixtures; Plumbing systems; Principles of internal and external drainage system; Principles of electrification of buildings; Elevators and Escalators - standards and uses

GATE Syllabus for Architecture & Planning (AR): Part B2 Planning

• Section B2.1: Regional and Settlement Planning – Regional delineation; settlement hierarchy; Types and hierarchy of plans; Various schemes and programs of central government; Transit Oriented Development (TOD), SEZ, SRZ etc.; Public Perception and user behaviour; National Housing Policies, Programs and Schemes. ; Slums, Squatters and informal housing; Standards for housing and community facilities; Housing for special areas and needs.

• Section B2.2: Planning Techniques and Management – Application of G.I.S and Remote Sensing techniques in urban and regional planning; Tools and techniques of Surveys – Physical, Topographical, Land use and Socio-economic Surveys; Urban Economics, Law of demand and supply of land and its use in planning; Graphic presentation of spatial data; Local self-governance, Panchayatiraj institutions; Planning Legislation and implementation – Land Acquisition Act, PPP etc.; Decision support system and Land Information System; Urban geography and econometrics; Management of Infrastructure Projects; Demography and equity in planning

• Section B2.3: Infrastructure Planning – Process and Principles of Transportation Planning and Traffic Engineering; Road capacity and Travel demand forecasting; Traffic survey methods, Traffic flow Analysis; Traffic analysis and design considerations; Traffic and transport management and control in urban areas; Mass transportation planning; Intelligent Transportation Systems; Urban and Rural Infrastructure System Network

GATE Syllabus for Architecture & Planning (AR) General Aptitude 

• Verbal Ability: English grammar; Sentence completion, Instructions; Verbal analogies, Word groups; Critical reasoning, Verbal deduction.  

• Numerical Ability: Numerical computation; Numerical reasoning; Numerical estimation; Data interpretation.   

GATE Syllabus for Biotechnology (BT) 2022

GATE Biotechnology paper will have questions from topics:

Section 1 – Engineering Mathematics

• Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, consistency and rank, Eigen values and Eigen vectors. 

• Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, Fourier series, vector identities, line, surface and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems. 

• Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), second order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, initial and boundary value problems, solution of partial differential equations: variable separable method. 

• Analysis of complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor’s and Laurent’s series, residue theorem, solution of integrals. 

• Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, conditional probability, mean, median, mode, standard deviation and variance; random variables: discrete and continuous distributions: normal, Poisson and binomial distributions. 

• Numerical Methods: Matrix inversion, solutions of nonlinear algebraic equations, iterative methods for solving differential equations, numerical integration, regression and correlation analysis.

Section 2 – General Biotechnology

• Biochemistry: Biomolecules - structure and function; Biological membranes - structure, membrane channels and pumps, molecular motors, action potential and transport processes; Basic concepts and regulation of metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids; Photosynthesis, respiration and electron transport chain. Enzymes - Classification, catalytic and regulatory strategies; Enzyme kinetics - Michaelis-Menten equation; Enzyme inhibition - competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition.

• Microbiology: Bacterial classification and diversity; Microbial Ecology - microbes in marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems; Microbial interactions; Viruses - structure and classification; Methods in microbiology; Microbial growth and nutrition; Nitrogen fixation; Microbial diseases and host-pathogen interactions; Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance.

• Immunology: Innate and adaptive immunity, humoral and cell mediated immunity; Antibody structure and function; Molecular basis of antibody diversity; T cell and B cell development; Antigen-antibody reaction; Complement; Primary and secondary lymphoid organs; Major histocompatibility complex (MHC); Antigen processing and presentation; Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody; Regulation of immune response; Immune tolerance; Hypersensitivity; Autoimmunity; Graft versus host reaction; Immunization and vaccines.

Section 3 – Genetics, Cellular, and Molecular Biology

• Genetics and Evolutionary Biology: Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction; Complementation; Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping; Extra chromosomal inheritance; Microbial genetics - transformation, transduction and conjugation; Horizontal gene transfer and transposable elements; Chromosomal variation; Genetic disorders; Population genetics; Epigenetics; Selection and inheritance; Adaptive and neutral evolution; Genetic drift; Species and speciation.

• Cell Biology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Cell cycle and cell growth control; Cell-Genetics and Evolutionary Biology: Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction; Complementation; Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping; Extra chromosomal inheritance; Microbial genetics - transformation, transduction and conjugation; Horizontal gene transfer and transposable elements; Chromosomal variation; Genetic disorders; Population genetics; Epigenetics; Selection and inheritance; Adaptive and neutral evolution; Genetic drift; Species and speciation.

• Molecular Biology: Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; Mutations and mutagenesis; Regulation of gene expression; Nucleic acid - replication, transcription, splicing, translation and their regulatory mechanisms; Non-coding and microRNA; RNA interference; DNA damage and repair.

Section 4 – Fundamentals of Biological Engineering

• Engineering principles applied to biological systems: Material and energy balances for reactive and non-reactive systems; Recycle, bypass and purge processes; Stoichiometry of growth and product formation; Degree of reduction, electron balance, theoretical oxygen demand.

• Classical thermodynamics and Bioenergetics: Laws of thermodynamics; Solution thermodynamics; Phase equilibria, reaction equilibria; Ligand binding; Membrane potential; Energetics of metabolic pathways, oxidation and reduction reactions.

• Transport Processes: Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, fluid flow - laminar and turbulent; Mixing in bioreactors, mixing time; Molecular diffusion and film theory; Oxygen transfer and uptake in bioreactor, kLa and its measurement; Conductive and convective heat transfer, LMTD, overall heat transfer coefficient; Heat exchangers

Section 5 – Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology

• Bioreaction engineering: Rate law, zero and first order kinetics; Ideal reactors - batch, mixed flow and plug flow; Enzyme immobilization, diffusion effects - Thiele modulus, effectiveness factor, Damkoehler number; Kinetics of cell growth, substrate utilization and product formation; Structured and unstructured models; Batch, fed-batch and continuous processes; Microbial and enzyme reactors; Optimization and scale up.

• Upstream and Downstream Processing: Media formulation and optimization; Sterilization of air and media; Filtration - membrane filtration, ultrafiltration; Centrifugation - high speed and ultra; Cell disruption; Principles of chromatography - ion exchange, gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction, affinity, GC, HPLC and FPLC; Extraction, adsorption and drying.

• Instrumentation and Process Control: Pressure, temperature and flow measurement devices; Valves; First order and second order systems; Feedback and feed forward control; Types of controllers – proportional, derivative and integral control, tuning of controllers.

Section 6 – Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

• Plants: Totipotency; Regeneration of plants; Plant growth regulators and elicitors; Tissue culture and cell suspension culture system - methodology, kinetics of growth and nutrient optimization; Production of secondary metabolites; Hairy root culture; Plant products of industrial importance; Artificial seeds; Somaclonal variation; Protoplast, protoplast fusion - somatic hybrid and cybrid; Transgenic plants - direct and indirect methods of gene transfer techniques; Selection marker and reporter gene; Plastid transformation.

• Animals: Culture media composition and growth conditions; Animal cell and tissue preservation; Anchorage and non-anchorage dependent cell culture; Kinetics of cell growth; Micro & macro- carrier culture; Hybridoma technology; Stem cell technology; Animal cloning; Transgenic animals; Knock-out and knock-in animals.

• Microbes: Production of biomass and primary/secondary metabolites - Biofuels, bioplastics, industrial enzymes, antibiotics; Large scale production and purification of recombinant proteins and metabolites; Clinical-, food- and industrial- microbiology; Screening strategies for new products.

Section 7 – Recombinant DNA technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology

• Recombinant DNA technology: Restriction and modification enzymes; Vectors - plasmids, bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, bacterial and yeast artificial chromosomes; Expression vectors; cDNA and genomic DNA library; Gene isolation and cloning, strategies for production of recombinant proteins; Transposons and gene targeting;

• Molecular tools: Polymerase chain reaction; DNA/RNA labelling and sequencing; Southern and northern blotting; In-situ hybridization; DNA fingerprinting, RAPD, RFLP; Site-directed mutagenesis; Gene transfer technologies; CRISPR-Cas; Biosensing and biosensors.

• Analytical tools: Principles of microscopy - light, electron, fluorescent and confocal; Principles of spectroscopy - UV, visible, CD, IR, fluorescence, FT-IR, MS, NMR; Electrophoresis; Micro- arrays; Enzymatic assays; Immunoassays - ELISA, RIA, immunohistochemistry; immunoblotting; Flow cytometry; Whole genome and ChIP sequencing.

• Computational tools: Bioinformatics resources and search tools; Sequence and structure databases; Sequence analysis - sequence file formats, scoring matrices, alignment, phylogeny; Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics; Gene prediction; Functional annotation; Secondary structure and 3D structure prediction; Knowledge discovery in biochemical databases; Metagenomics; Metabolic engineering and systems biology.

Section 8 - General Aptitude 

• Verbal Ability: English grammar; Sentence completion, Instructions; Verbal analogies, Word groups; Critical reasoning, Verbal deduction.  

• Numerical Ability: Numerical computation; Numerical reasoning; Numerical estimation; Data interpretation.  

GATE Chemical Engineering (CH) Syllabus 2022

Chemical Engineering uses Physics and Chemistry with applied Mathematics to convert chemicals and raw materials into useful substances. Chemical Engineers essentially design large-scale processes for such transformations.

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Engineering Mathematics is a branch of applied mathematics concerning mathematical methods and techniques that are typically used in engineering and industry. This section carries a 15% weightage of questions. It is one of the important sections of GATE syllabus. 

• Linear Algebra

• Calculus

• Differential equations

• Complex variables

• Probability and Statistics

• Numerical Methods

Section 2: Process Calculations and Thermodynamics

• Steady and unsteady state mass and energy balances including multiphase, multicomponent, reacting, and non-reacting systems. Use of tie components; recycle, bypass and purge calculations; Gibb’s phase rule and degree of freedom analysis.

• First and Second laws of thermodynamics. Applications of first law to close and open systems. Second law and Entropy.

• Thermodynamic properties of pure substances: Equation of State and residual properties, properties of mixtures: partial molar properties, fugacity, excess properties, and activity coefficients; phase equilibria: predicting VLE of systems; chemical reaction equilibrium.

Section 3: Fluid Mechanics and Mechanical Operations

• Fluid statics, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, shell-balances including a differential form of Bernoulli equation and energy balance, Macroscopic friction factors, dimensional analysis, and similitude, flow through pipeline systems, flow meters, pumps and compressors, elementary boundary layer theory, flow past immersed bodies including packed and fluidized beds, Turbulent flow: fluctuating velocity, universal velocity profile and pressure drop.

• Particle size and shape, particle size distribution, size reduction and classification of solid particles; free and hindered settling; centrifuge and cyclones; thickening and classification, filtration, agitation, and mixing; conveying of solids.

Section 4: Heat Transfer

• Steady and unsteady heat conduction, convection and radiation, thermal boundary layer and heat transfer coefficients, boiling, condensation, and evaporation; types of heat exchangers and evaporators and their process calculations.

• Design of double pipe, shell and tube heat exchangers, and single and multiple effect evaporators. 

Section 5: Mass Transfer

• Fick’s laws, molecular diffusion in fluids, mass transfer coefficients, film, penetration, and surface renewal theories; momentum, heat and mass transfer analogies; stage-wise and continuous contacting and stage efficiencies

• HTU & NTU concepts; design and operation of equipment for distillation, absorption, leaching, liquid-liquid extraction, drying, humidification, dehumidification, and adsorption.

Section 6: Chemical Reaction Engineering

• Theories of reaction rates; kinetics of homogeneous reactions, interpretation of kinetic data, single and multiple reactions in ideal reactors, non-ideal reactors; residence time distribution, single parameter model; non-isothermal reactors; kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions; diffusion effects in catalysis.

Section 7: Instrumentation and Process Control

• Measurement of process variables; sensors, transducers and their dynamics, process modeling and linearization, transfer functions and dynamic responses of various systems, systems with the inverse response, process reaction curve, controller modes (P, PI, and PID); control valves; analysis of closed-loop systems including stability, frequency response, controller tuning, cascade and feedforward control.

Section 8: Plant Design and Economics

• Principles of process economics and cost estimation including depreciation and total annualized cost, cost indices, rate of return, payback period, discounted cash flow, optimization in process design, and sizing of chemical engineering equipment such as compressors, heat exchangers, multistage contactors.

Section 9: Chemical Technology

• Inorganic chemical industries (sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, Chlor-alkali industry), fertilizers (Ammonia, Urea, SSP and TSP); natural products industries (Pulp and Paper, Sugar, Oil, and Fats); petroleum refining and petrochemicals; polymerization industries (polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, and polyester synthetic fibers).

GATE Chemistry Syllabus 2022

GATE Chemistry Syllabus consists of three sections- Physical Chemistry, Inorganic chemistry and Organic Chemistry. Here, we are providing the complete syllabus of Chemistry for GATE which is given below:

Section 1 - Physical Chemistry

Subject: Structure 

Topic: Postulates of quantum mechanics. Operators. Time-dependent and time-independent Schrödinger equations. Born interpretation. Dirac bra- ket notation. Particle in a box: infinite and finite square wells; concept of tunnelling; particle in 1D, 2D and 3D-box; applications. Harmonic oscillator: harmonic and anharmonic potentials; hermite polynomials. Rotational motion: Angular momentum operators, Rigid rotor. Hydrogen and hydrogen-like atoms : atomic orbitals; radial distribution function. Multi-electron atoms: orbital approximation; electron spin; Pauli exclusion principle; slater determinants. Approximation Methods: Variation method and secular determinants; first order perturbation techniques. Atomic units. Molecular structure and Chemical bonding: Born-Oppenheimer approximation; Valence bond theory and linear combination of atomic orbitals – molecular orbital (LCAO-MO) theory. Hybrid orbitals. Applications of LCAO-MO theory to H2 +, H2; molecular orbital theory (MOT) of homo- and heteronuclear diatomic molecules. Hückel approximation and its application to annular π– electron systems

Subject: Group Theory 

Topic: Symmetry elements and operations; Point groups and character tables; Internal coordinates and vibrational modes; symmetry adapted linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO-MO); construction of hybrid orbitals using symmetry aspects.

Subject: Spectroscopy 

Topic: Atomic spectroscopy; Russell-Saunders coupling; Term symbols and spectral details; origin of selection rules. Rotational, vibrational, electronic and Raman spectroscopy of diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Line broadening. Einstein’s coefficients. Relationship of transition moment integral with molar extinction coefficient and oscillator strength. Basic principles of nuclear magnetic resonance: gyromagnetic ratio; chemical shift, nuclear coupling.

Subject: Equilibrium 

Topic: Laws of thermodynamics. Standard states. Thermochemistry. Thermodynamic functions and their relationships: Gibbs-Helmholtz and Maxwell relations, Gibbs-Duhem equation, van’t Hoff equation. Criteria of spontaneity and equilibrium. Absolute entropy. Partial molar quantities. Thermodynamics of mixing. Chemical potential. Fugacity, activity and activity coefficients. Ideal and Non-ideal solutions, Raoult’s Law and Henry’s Law, Chemical equilibria. Dependence of equilibrium constant on temperature and pressure. Ionic mobility and conductivity. Debye-Hückel limiting law. Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation. Standard electrode potentials and electrochemical cells. Nernst Equation and its application, relationship between Electrode potential and thermodynamic quantities, Potentiometric and conductometric titrations. Phase rule. Clausius- Clapeyron equation. Phase diagram of one component systems: CO2, H2O, S; two component systems: liquid- vapour, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid systems. Fractional distillation. Azeotropes and eutectics. Statistical thermodynamics: microcanonical, canonical and grand canonical ensembles, Boltzmann distribution, partition functions and thermodynamic properties.

Subject: Kinetics 

Topic: Elementary, parallel, opposing and consecutive reactions. Steady state approximation. Mechanisms of complex reactions. Unimolecular reactions. Potential energy surfaces and classical trajectories, Concept of Saddle points, Transition state theory: Eyring equation, thermodynamic aspects. Kinetics of polymerization. Catalysis concepts and enzyme catalysis. Kinetic isotope effects. Fast reaction kinetics: relaxation and flow methods. Diffusion controlled reactions. Kinetics of photochemical and photophysical processes.

Subject: Surfaces and Interfaces 

Topic: Physisorption and chemisorption. Langmuir, Freundlich and Brunauer–Emmett– Teller (BET) isotherms. Surface catalysis: Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Surface tension, viscosity. Self- assembly. Physical chemistry of colloids, micelles and macromolecules.

Section 2 - Inorganic Chemistry

Subject: Main Group Elements 

Topic: Hydrides, halides, oxides, oxoacids, nitrides, sulfides – shapes and reactivity. Structure and bonding of boranes, carboranes, silicones, silicates, boron nitride, borazines and phosphazenes. Allotropes of carbon, phosphorus and sulphur. Industrial synthesis of compounds of main group elements. Chemistry of noble gases, pseudohalogens, and interhalogen compounds. Acid-base concepts and principles (Lewis, Brønsted, HSAB and acid-base catalysis).

Subject: Transition Elements 

Topic: Coordination chemistry – structure and isomerism, theories of bonding (VBT, CFT, and MOT). Energy level diagrams in various crystal fields, CFSE, applications of CFT, Jahn-Teller distortion. Electronic spectra of transition metal complexes: spectroscopic term symbols, selection rules, Orgel and Tanabe- Sugano diagrams, nephelauxetic effect and Racah parameter, charge-transfer spectra. Magnetic properties of transition metal complexes. Ray-Dutt and Bailar twists,

Subject: Reaction Mechanism 

Topic: kinetic and thermodynamic stability, substitution and redox reactions. Metal-metal multiple bond. Lanthanides and Actinides: Recovery. Periodic properties, spectra and magnetic properties.

Subject: Organometallics 

Topic: 18-Electron rule; metal-alkyl, metal-carbonyl, metal-olefin and metal- carbene complexes and metallocenes. Fluxionality in organometallic complexes. Types of organometallic reactions. Homogeneous catalysis - Hydrogenation, hydroformylation, acetic acid synthesis, metathesis and olefin oxidation. Heterogeneous catalysis - Fischer- Tropsch reaction, Ziegler-Natta polymerization.

Subject: Radioactivity 

Topic: Detection of radioactivity, Decay processes, half-life of radioactive elements, fission and fusion processes. Bioinorganic Chemistry: Ion (Na+ and K+) transport, oxygen binding, transport and utilization, electron transfer reactions, nitrogen fixation, metalloenzymes containing magnesium, molybdenum, iron, cobalt, copper and zinc.

Subject: Solids 

Topic: Crystal systems and lattices, Miller planes, crystal packing, crystal defects, Bragg’s law, ionic crystals, structures of AX, AX2, ABX3 type compounds, spinels, band theory, metals and semiconductors. Instrumental Methods of Analysis: UV-visible, fluorescence and FTIR spectrophotometry, NMR and ESR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy (Fe and Sn) and X- ray crystallography. Chromatography including GC and HPLC. Electroanalytical methods- polarography, cyclic voltammetry, ion-selective electrodes. Thermoanalytical methods.

Section 3 - Organic Chemistry

Subject: Streochemistry 

Topic: Chirality and symmetry of organic molecules with or without chiral centres and determination of their absolute configurations. Relative stereochemistry in compounds having more than one stereogenic centre. Homotopic, enantiotopic and diastereotopic atoms, groups and faces. Stereoselective and stereospecific synthesis. Conformational analysis of acyclic and cyclic compounds. Geometrical isomerism and optical isomerism. Configurational and conformational effects, atropisomerism, and neighbouring group participation on reactivity and selectivity/specificity.

Subject: Reaction Mechanisms 

Topic: Basic mechanistic concepts – kinetic versus thermodynamic control, Hammond’s postulate and Curtin-Hammett principle. Methods of determining reaction mechanisms through kinetics, identification of products, intermediates and isotopic labelling. Linear free-energy relationship – Hammett and Taft equations. Nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution reactions (both aromatic and aliphatic). Additional reactions to carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom (N and O) multiple bonds. Elimination reactions. Reactive intermediates – carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, nitrenes, arynes and free radicals. Molecular rearrangements.

Subject: Organic Synthesis 

Topic: Synthesis, reactions, mechanisms and selectivity involving the following classes of compounds – alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, nitriles, halides, nitro compounds, amines and amides. Uses of Mg, Li, Cu, B, Zn, P, S, Sn and Si based reagents in organic synthesis. Carbon-carbon bond formation through coupling reactions - Heck, Suzuki, Stille, Sonogoshira, Negishi, Kumada, Hiyama, Tsuji-Trost, olefin metathesis and McMurry. Concepts of multistep synthesis – retrosynthetic analysis, strategic disconnections, synthons and synthetic equivalents. Atom economy and Green Chemistry, Umpolung reactivity – formyl and acyl anion equivalents. Selectivity in organic synthesis – chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity. Protection and deprotection of functional groups. Concepts of asymmetric synthesis – resolution (including enzymatic), desymmetrization and use of chiral auxiliaries, organocatalysis. Carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions through enolates (including boron enolates), enamines and silyl enol ethers. Stereoselective addition to C=O groups (Cram, Prelog and Felkin-Anh models).

Subject: Pericyclic Reaction and Photochemistry 

Topic: Electrocyclic, cycloaddition and sigmatropic reactions. Orbital correlations - FMO and PMO treatments, Woodward-Hoffmann rule. Photochemistry of alkenes, arenes and carbonyl compounds. Photooxidation and photoreduction. Di-π-methane rearrangement, Barton-McCombie reaction, Norrish type-I and II cleavage reaction.

Subject: Heterocyclic 

Topic: Structure, preparation, properties and reactions of furan, pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine, indole, quinoline and isoquinoline.

Subject: Biomolecules 

Topic: Structure, properties and reactions of mono- and di-saccharides, physicochemical properties of amino acids, chemical synthesis of peptides, chemical structure determination of peptides and proteins, structural features of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, steroids, terpenoids, carotenoids, and alkaloids.

Subject: Experimental Techniques in Organic Chemistry 

Topic: Optical rotation (polarimetry). Applications of various chromatographic techniques such as thin-layer, column, HPLC and GC. Applications of UV-visible, IR, NMR and Mass spectrometry in the structural determination of organic molecules.

GATE Syllabus for Ecology & Evolution 2022

The GATE Syllabus for Ecology & Evolution 2022 is based on graduation level. Applicants are advised to check the complete syllabus before starting the preparation of the exam. 

Section 1: Ecology

• Fundamental concepts: Abiotic and biotic components; scales (population, species, community, ecosystems, biomes); niches and habitats

• Population ecology: Population growth rates (density dependent/independent); metapopulation ecology (colonization, persistence, extinction, patches, sources, sinks); age- structured populations

• Interactions: Types (mutualism, symbiosis, commensalism, competition, parasitism, predation, etc); ecophysiology (physiological adaptations to abiotic environment); prey- predator interactions (Lotka-Voltera equation etc)

• Community ecology: Community assembly, organization and succession; species richness, evenness and diversity indices, species-area relationships; theory of island biogeography

• Ecosystems structure and function: trophic levels and their interactions; nutrient cycles; primary and secondary productivity. 

Section 2: Evolution

• History of Evolutionary thought: Lamarckism; Darwinism; Modern Synthesis

• Fundamentals: Variation; heritability; natural selection; fitness and adaptation; types of selection (stabilizing, directional, disruptive)

• Diversity of life: Origin and history of life on earth; diversity and classification of life; systems of classification (cladistics and phenetics)

• Life history strategies: Allocation of resources; trade offs; r/K selection; semelparity and iteroparity

• Interactions: Coevolution (co-adaptations, arms race, Red Queen hypothesis, co- speciation); prey-predator interactions (mimicry, crypsis, etc)

• Population and Quantitative genetics: Origins of genetic variation; Mendelian genetics; Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; drift; selection (one-locus two-alleles model); population genetic structure (panmixia, gene flow, FST); polygenic traits; gene-environment interactions (phenotypic plasticity); heritability

• Molecular evolution and phylogenetics: Neutral theory; molecular clocks; rates of evolution; phylogenetic reconstruction; molecular systematics

• Macroevolution: Species concepts and speciation; adaptive radiation; convergence; biogeography

Section 3: Mathematics and Quantitative Ecology

• Mathematics and statistics in ecology: Simple functions (linear, quadratic, exponential, logarithmic, etc); concept of derivatives and slope of a function; permutations and combinations; basic probability (probability of random events; sequences of events, etc); frequency distributions and their descriptive statistics (mean, variance, coefficient of variation, correlation, etc).

• Statistical hypothesis testing: Concept of p-value; Type I and Type II error, test statistics like t-test and Chi-square test; basics of linear regression and ANOVA.

Section 4: Behavioural Ecology

• Classical Ethology: Instinct; fixed action pattern; imprinting; learnt behavior; proximate and ultimate questions

• Sensory ecology: Neuroethology; communication (chemical, acoustic and visual signaling); recognition systems

• Foraging ecology: Foraging behaviour; optimal foraging theory

• Reproduction: Cost of sex; sexual dimorphism; mate choice; sexual selection (runaway selection, good-genes, handicap principle, etc); sexual conflict; mating systems; parental care

• Social living: Costs and benefits of group-living (including responses to predators); effect of competition (scramble and contest) on group formation; dominance relationships; eusociality; kin selection; altruism; reciprocity; human behaviour.

Section 5: Applied Ecology & Evolution

• Biodiversity and conservation: Importance of conserving biodiversity; ecosystem services; threats to biodiversity; invasive species; in-situ conservation (endemism, biodiversity hotspots, protected areas); ex-situ conservation; conservation genetics (genetic diversity, inbreeding depression); DNA fingerprinting and DNA barcoding

• Disease ecology and evolution: Epidemiology; zoonotic diseases; antibiotic resistance; vector control

• Plant and animal breeding: Marker assisted breeding; genetic basis of economically important traits

• Global climate change: Causes; consequences; mitigation

GATE 2022 Geology & Geophysics Syllabus - Common Section

GATE 2022 Geology & Geophysics Syllabus for the common section has to be attempted by all the candidates attempting the subject: 

• Earth and planetary system – terrestrial planets and moons of the solar system; size, shape, internal structure and composition of the earth; concept of isostasy; elements of seismology – body and surface waves, propagation of body waves in the earth’s interior; Heat flow within the earth; Gravitational field of the Earth; geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; continental drift; plate tectonics – relationship with earthquakes, volcanism and mountain building; continental and oceanic crust – composition, structure and thickness.

• Weathering and soil formation; landforms created by river, wind, glacier, ocean and volcanoes.

• Basic structural geology - stress, strain and material response; brittle and ductile deformation; nomenclature and classification of folds and faults.

• Crystallography – basic crystal symmetry and concept of point groups. Mineralogy – silicate crystal structure and determinative mineralogy of common rock forming minerals.

• Petrology of common igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

• Geological time scale; Geochronology and absolute time. Stratigraphic principles; major stratigraphic divisions of India.

• Mineral, coal and petroleum resources of India.

• Introduction to remote sensing.

• Engineering properties of rocks and soils.

• Elements of hydrogeology.

• Principles and applications of gravity, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, seismic and radiometric methods of prospecting for oil, mineral and groundwater; introductory well logging.

GATE 2022 Geology Syllabus

• Geomorphology - Geomorphic processes and agents; development and evolution of landforms in continental and oceanic settings; tectonic geomorphology.

• Structural geology – Forces and mechanism of rock deformation; primary and secondary structures; geometry and genesis of planar and linear structures (bedding, cleavage, schistosity, lineation); folds, faults, joints and unconformities; Stereographic projection; shear zones, thrusts and superposed folding; basement-cover relationship. Interpretation of geological maps.

• Crystallography and mineralogy- Elements of crystal symmetry, form and twinning; crystallographic projection; crystal chemistry; classification of minerals, physical and optical properties of rock- forming minerals.

• Geochemistry – Cosmic abundance of elements; meteorites; geochemical evolution of the earth; geochemical cycles; distribution of major, minor and trace elements in crust and mantle; elements of high temperature and low temperature geochemical thermodynamics; isotopic evolution of the crust and the mantle, mantle reservoirs; geochemistry of water and water-rock interaction.

• Igneous petrology – Classification, forms, textures and genesis of common igneous rocks; magmatic differentiation; binary and ternary phase diagrams; major and trace elements as monitors of partial melting and magma evolutionary processes. Mantle plumes, hotspots and large igneous provinces.

• Sedimentology– Texture, structure and sedimentary processes; petrology of common sedimentary rocks; Sedimentary facies and environments, cyclicities in sedimentary succession; provenance and basin analysis. Important sedimentary basins of India

• Metamorphic petrology – Structures and textures of metamorphic rocks. Physico-chemical conditions of metamorphism and concept of metamorphic facies, grade and baric types; chemographic projections; metamorphism of pelitic, mafic and impure carbonate rocks; role of bulk composition including fluids in metamorphism; thermobarometry and metamorphic P-T-t paths, and their tectonic significance.

• Paleobiology - Diversity of life through time, mass extinctions- causes and effects; taphonomy – processes of fossilization. Taxonomy. Morphology and functional morphology of invertebrates (bivalves, brachiopods, gastropods, echinoids, ammonites); microfossils (foraminifera, ostracoda, conodonts, bryozoa); Vertebrate paleontology (Equus, Probicidea, Human); Paleobotany (plant, spores, pollens). Basic concepts of ecology/paleoecology; classification - ecological and taxonomic schemes (diversity and richness). Fossils and paleoenvironments.

• Stratigraphy – Principles of stratigraphy and concepts of correlation; Lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy. Principles of sequence stratigraphy and applications. Stratigraphy of peninsular and extra-peninsular India. Boundary problems in Indian stratigraphy.

• Resource geology - Ore-mineralogy; ore forming processes vis-à-vis ore-rock association (magmatic, hydrothermal, sedimentary, supergene and meta morphogenic ores); fluid inclusions as ore genetic tools. Coal and petroleum geology; marine mineral resources. Prospecting and exploration of economic mineral deposits - sampling, ore reserve estimation, geostatistics, mining methods. Ore dressing and mineral economics. Distribution of mineral, fossil and nuclear fuel deposits in India.

• Global tectonics – Plate motions, driving mechanisms, plate boundaries, supercontinent cycles.

• Applied geology – Physico-mechanical properties of rocks and soils; rock index tests; Rock failure criteria (Mohr-Coulomb, Griffith and Hoek-Brown criteria); shear strength of rock discontinuities; rock mass classifications (RMR and Q Systems); in-situ stresses; rocks as construction materials; geological factors in the construction of engineering structures including dams, tunnels and excavation sites. Analysis of slope stability. Natural hazards (landslide, volcanic, seismogenic, coastal) and mitigation. Principles of climate change

• Hydrogeology – Groundwater flow and exploration, well hydraulics and water quality.

• Basic principles of remote sensing – energy sources and radiation principles, atmospheric absorption, interaction of energy with earth’s surface, aerial-photo interpretation, multispectral remote sensing in visible, infrared, thermal IR and microwave regions, digital processing of satellite images. GIS – basic concepts, raster and vector mode operations.

GATE 2022 Geophysics Syllabus

• Solid-Earth Geophysics - The earth as a planet; different motions of the earth; gravity field of the earth, Clairaut’s theorem, size and shape of earth; geomagnetic field, paleomagnetism; Geothermics and heat flow; seismology and interior of the earth; variation of density, velocity, pressure, temperature, electrical and magnetic properties of the earth.

• Geodesy - Gravitational Field of the Earth; Geoid; Ellipsoid; Geodetic Reference Systems; Datum; Everest (1830) and WGS 84 (1984) systems; GPS and DGPS; Levelling and Surveying.

• Earthquake Seismology - Elements of elasticity theory- stress and strain tensors, Generalized Hooke’s Law; Body and Surface Waves; Rotational, dilatational, irrorational and equivolumnal waves. Reflection and refraction of elastic waves; Homogeneous and evanescent waves and bounded waves; Eikonal Equation and Ray theory; earthquakes-causes and measurements, magnitude and intensity, focal mechanisms; earthquake quantification, source characteristics, seismotectonics and seismic hazards; digital seismographs, Earthquake statistics, wave propagation in elastic media, quantifying earthquake source from seismological data. Elements of Seismic Tomography.

• Potential and Time Varying Fields - Scalar and vector potential fields; Laplace, Maxwell and Helmholtz equations for solution of different types of boundary value problems in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates; Green’s theorem; Image theory; integral equations in potential and time- varying field theory.

• Gravity Methods - Absolute and relative gravity measurements; Gravimeters; Land, airborne, shipborne and bore-hole gravity surveys; Tensorial Gravity sensors and surveys; various corrections for gravity data reduction – free air, Bouguer and isostatic anomalies; density estimates of rocks; regional and residual gravity separation; principle of equivalent stratum; data enhancement techniques, upward and downward continuation; derivative maps, wavelength filtering; preparation and analysis of gravity maps; gravity anomalies and their interpretation – anomalies due to geometrical and irregular shaped bodies, depth rules, calculation of mass.

• Magnetic Methods - Elements of Earth’s magnetic field, units of measurement, magnetic susceptibility of rocks and measurements, magnetometers and magnetic gradiometers, Land, airborne and marine magnetic and magnetic gradiometer surveys, Various corrections applied to magnetic data, IGRF, Reduction to Pole transformation, Poisson’s relation of gravity and magnetic potential field, preparation of magnetic maps, upward and downward continuation, magnetic anomalies due to geometrical and irregular shaped bodies; Image processing concepts in processing of magnetic anomaly maps; Depth rules; Interpretation of processed magnetic anomaly data; derivative, analytic signal and Euler Depth Solutions. Applications of gravity and magnetic methods for mineral and oil exploration.

• Electrical Methods - Conduction of electricity through rocks, electrical conductivities of metals, non- metals, rock forming minerals and different rocks, concepts of D.C. resistivity measurement and depth of investigation; Apparent Resistivity and Apparent Chargeability, Concept of Negative Apparent Resistivity and Negative Apparent Chargeability; Theory of Reciprocity, Sounding and Profiling, Various electrode arrangements, application of linear filter theory, Sounding curves over multi-layered earth, Dar-Zarrouk parameters, reduction of layers, Triangle of anisotropy, interpretation of resistivity field data, Principles of equivalence and suppression, self-potential method and its origin; Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT); , Induced polarization, time and frequency domain IP measurements; interpretation and applications of SP, resistivity and IP data sets for ground-water exploration, mineral exploration, environmental and engineering applications.

• Electromagnetic Methods - Geo-electromagnetic spectrum; Biot Savart’s Law; Maxwell’s Equation, Helmholtz Equation, Basic concept of EM induction in the earth, Skin-depth, elliptic polarization, in- phase and quadrature components, phasor diagrams; Response function and response parameters; Ground and Airborne Methods, measurements in different source-receiver configurations; Earth’s natural electromagnetic methods-tellurics, geomagnetic depth sounding and magnetotellurics; Electromagnetic profiling and Sounding, Time domain EM method; EM scale modeling, processing of EM data and interpretation; Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Methods; Effect of conducting overburden; Geological applications including groundwater, mineral environmental and hydrocarbon exploration.

• Seismic methods - Elastic properties of earth materials; Reflection, refraction and CDP surveys; land and marine seismic sources, generation and propagation of elastic waves, velocity – depth models, geophones, hydrophones, digital recording systems, digital formats, field layouts, seismic noise and noise profile analysis, optimum geophone grouping, noise cancellation by shot and geophone arrays, 2D, 3D and 4D seismic data acquisition, processing and interpretation; CDP stacking charts, binning, filtering, static and dynamic corrections, Digital seismic data processing, seismic deconvolution and migration methods, attribute analysis, bright and dim spots, seismic stratigraphy, high resolution seismics, VSP, AVO, multi-component seismics and seismic interferometry. Reservoir geophysics- Rock Physics and Petrophysics. Geophysical Survey Design.

• Geophysical signal processing - sampling theorem, Nyquist frequency, aliasing, Fourier series, periodic waveform, Fourier and Hilbert transform, Z-transform and wavelet transform; power spectrum, delta function, autocorrelation, cross correlation, convolution, deconvolution, principles of digital filters, windows, poles and zeros.

• Geophysical Well Logging - Principles and techniques of geophysical well-logging, SP, resistivity, induction, gamma ray, neutron, density, sonic, temperature, dip meter, caliper, nuclear magnetic resonance- longitudinal and transverse relaxation, CPMG sequence, porosity characterization, cement bond logging, micro-logs. Pulsed Neutron Devices and Spectroscopy; Multi-Array and Triaxial Induction Devices; Quantitative evaluation of formations from well logs; Logging while drilling; High angle and horizontal wells; Clay Quantification; Lithology and Porosity Estimation; Saturation and Permeability Estimation; application of borehole geophysics in groundwater, mineral and oil exploration.

• Radioactive Methods - Prospecting and assaying of mineral (radioactive and non-radioactive) deposits, half-life, decay constant, radioactive equilibrium, G M counter, scintillation detector, semiconductor devices, application of radiometric for exploration, assaying and radioactive waste disposal.

• Geophysical Inversion - Basic concepts of forward and inverse problems, Ill-posedness of inverse problems, condition number, non-uniqueness and stability of solutions; L1, L2 and Lp norms, overdetermined, underdetermined and mixed determined inverse problems, quasi- linear and non-linear methods including Tikhonov’s regularization method, Singular Value Decomposition, Backus-Gilbert method, simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, swarm intelligence, machine learning and artificial neural networks. Statistics of misfit and likelihood, Bayesian construction of posterior probabilities, sparsity promoting L1 optimization. Ambiguity and uncertainty in geophysical interpretation.

GATE Mathematics Syllabus 2022 

There are 11 chapters in the GATE Mathematics Syllabus. Each chapter has many subtopics. The complete syllabus of Mathematics paper is given below.

Section 1: Calculus

• Functions of two or more variables, continuity, directional derivatives, partial derivatives, total derivative, maxima and minima, saddle point, method of Lagrange’s multipliers;

• Double and Triple integrals and their applications to area, volume and surface area; Vector Calculus: gradient, divergence and curl, Line integrals and Surface integrals, Green’s theorem, Stokes’ theorem, and Gauss divergence theorem.

Section 2: Linear Algebra

• Finite dimensional vector spaces over real or complex fields; Linear transformations and their matrix representations, rank and nullity; systems of linear equations, characteristic polynomial, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, diagonalization, minimal polynomial

• Cayley-Hamilton Theorem, Finite dimensional inner product spaces, Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization process, symmetric, skew-symmetric

• Hermitian, skew-Hermitian, normal, orthogonal and unitary matrices; diagonalization by a unitary matrix, Jordan canonical form; bilinear and quadratic forms.

Section 3: Real Analysis

• Metric spaces, connectedness, compactness, completeness; Sequences and series of functions, uniform convergence, Ascoli-Arzela theorem;Weierstrass approximation theorem; contraction mapping principle

• Power series; Differentiation of functions of several variables, Inverse and Implicit function theorems; Lebesgue measure on the real line, measurable functions; Lebesgue integral, Fatou’s lemma, monotone convergence theorem, dominated convergence theorem.

Section 4: Complex Analysis

• Functions of a complex variable: continuity, differentiability, analytic functions, harmonic functions; Complex integration: Cauchy’s integral theorem and formula

• Liouville’s theorem, maximum modulus principle, Morera’s theorem; zeros and singularities; Power series, radius of convergence

• Taylor’s series and Laurent’s series; Residue theorem and applications for evaluating real integrals; Rouche’s theorem, Argument principle, Schwarz lemma; Conformal mappings, Mobius transformations.

Section 5: Ordinary Differential equations

• First order ordinary differential equations, existence and uniqueness theorems for initial value problems, linear ordinary differential equations of higher order with constant coefficients

• Second order linear ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients; Cauchy-Euler equation, method of Laplace transforms for solving ordinary differential equations, series solutions (power series, Frobenius method); Legendre and Bessel functions and their orthogonal properties; Systems of linear first order ordinary differential equations

• Sturm's oscillation and separation theorems, Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems, Planar autonomous systems of ordinary differential equations: Stability of stationary points for linear systems with constant coefficients, Linearized stability, Lyapunov functions.

Section 6: Algebra

• Groups, subgroups, normal subgroups, quotient groups, homomorphisms, automorphisms; cyclic groups, permutation groups,Group action,Sylow’s theorems and their applications; Rings, ideals, prime and maximal ideals, quotient rings, unique factorization domains

• Principal ideal domains, Euclidean domains, polynomial rings, Eisenstein’s irreducibility criterion; Fields, finite fields, field extensions,algebraic extensions, algebraically closed fields.

Section 7: Functional Analysis

• Normed linear spaces, Banach spaces, Hahn-Banach theorem, open mapping and closed graph theorems, principle of uniform boundedness; Inner-product spaces

• Hilbert spaces, orthonormal bases, projection theorem,Riesz representation theorem, spectral theorem for compact self-adjoint operators.

Section 8: Numerical Analysis

• Systems of linear equations: Direct methods (Gaussian elimination, LU decomposition, Cholesky factorization), Iterative methods (Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi) and their convergence for diagonally dominant coefficient matrices; Numerical solutions of nonlinear equations: bisection method, secant method, Newton-Raphson method, fixed point iteration; Interpolation

• Lagrange and Newton forms of interpolating polynomial, Error in polynomial interpolation of a function; Numerical differentiation and error.

• Numerical integration: Trapezoidal and Simpson rules, Newton-Cotes integration formulas, composite rules, mathematical errors involved in numerical integration formulae; Numerical solution of initial value problems for ordinary differential equations: Methods of Euler, Runge-Kutta method of order 2.

Section 9: Partial Differential Equations

• Method of characteristics for first order linear and quasilinear partial differential equations; Second order partial differential equations in two independent variables: classification and canonical forms, method of separation of variables for Laplace equation in Cartesian and polar coordinates, heat and wave equations in one space variable

• Wave equation: Cauchy problem and d'Alembert formula, domains of dependence and influence, non-homogeneous wave equation; Heat equation: Cauchy problem; Laplace and Fourier transform methods.

Section 10: Topology

• Basic concepts of topology, bases, subbases, subspace topology, order topology, product topology, quotient topology, metric topology, connectedness, compactness, countability and separation axioms, Urysohn’s Lemma.

Section 11: Linear Programming

• Linear programming models, convex sets, extreme points;Basic feasible solution,graphical method, simplex method, two phase methods, revised simplex method ; Infeasible and unbounded linear programming models, alternate optima; Duality theory, weak duality and strong duality; Balanced and unbalanced transportation problems

• Initial basic feasible solution of balanced transportation problems (least cost method, north-west corner rule, Vogel’s approximation method); Optimal solution, modified distribution method; Solving assignment problems, Hungarian method.

GATE Syllabus for Mining Engineering (MN) 2022

Section 1 – Engineering Mathematics

• Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, consistency and rank, Eigen values and Eigen vectors. 

• Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, Fourier series, vector identities, line, surface and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems. 

• Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), second order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, initial and boundary value problems, solution of partial differential equations: variable separable method. 

• Analysis of complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor’s and Laurent’s series, residue theorem, solution of integrals. 

• Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, conditional probability, mean, median, mode, standard deviation and variance; random variables: discrete and continuous distributions: normal, Poisson and binomial distributions. 

• Numerical Methods: Matrix inversion, solutions of nonlinear algebraic equations, iterative methods for solving differential equations, numerical integration, regression and correlation analysis.

Section 2: Mining Geology, Mine Development and Surveying

• Mining Geology: Minerals, Rocks and their Origin, Classification, Ore Genesis; Structural Geology.

• Mine Development: Methods of access to deposits; Underground drivages; Drilling methods and machines; Explosives and energetics, blasting devices, blast design practices; Rock-Tool Interaction applicable to mechanical cutting systems and their selection.

• Mine Surveying: Levels and levelling, theodolite, tacheometry, triangulation; Contouring; Errors and adjustments; Correlation; Underground surveying; Curves; Photogrammetry; EDM, Total Station, GPS, Basics of GIS and remote sensing.

Section 3: Geomechanics and Ground Control

• Engineering Mechanics: Equivalent force systems; Equations of equilibrium; Two dimensional frames and trusses; Free body diagrams; Friction forces; Particle kinematics and dynamics; Beam analysis.

• Geomechanics: Geo-technical properties of rocks; Rock mass classification; Instrumentation and in-situ stress measurement techniques; Theories of rock failure; Ground vibrations; Stress distribution around mine openings;
  Subsidence; Slope stability.

• Ground Control: Design of pillars; Roof supporting systems; Mine filling. Strata Control and Monitoring Plan.

Section 4: Mining Methods and Machinery

• Mining Methods: Surface mining: layout, development, loading, transportation and mechanization, continuous surface mining systems; highwall mining; Underground coal mining: bord and pillar systems, room and pillar
  mining, longwall mining, thick seam mining methods, Underground metal mining: open, supported and caved stopping methods, stope mechanization, ore handling systems.

• Mining Machinery: Generation and transmission of mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic power; Materials handling: wire ropes, haulages, conveyors, face and development machinery, hoisting systems, pumps;comminution methods and machinery.

Section 5: Surface Environment, Mine Ventilation, and Underground Hazards

• Surface Environment: Air, water and soil pollution: Standards of quality, causes and dispersion of contamination and control; Noise pollution and control; Land reclamation; EIA.

• Mine Ventilation: Underground atmosphere; Heat load sources and thermal environment,; air cooling; Mechanics of airflow, distribution, natural and mechanical ventilation; Mine fans and their usage; Auxiliary ventilation; Ventilation survey and planning; Ventilation networks.

• Underground Hazards: Mine Gases, Methane drainage; Underground hazards from fires, explosions, dust and inundation; Rescue apparatus and practices; Safety management plan; Accident data analysis; assessment; Mine lighting; Mine legislation; Occupational health and safety.

Section 6: Mine Economics, Mine Planning, Systems Engineering

• Mineral Economics: Mineral resource classification; Discounted cash flow analysis; Mine valuation; Mineral taxation.

• Mine Planning: Sampling methods, practices and interpretation; Reserve estimation techniques: Basics of geostatistics and quality control; Optimization of facility location; Mine planning and its components, Determination of mine size and mine life; Ultimate pit configuration and its determination, Optimum mill cut-off grade and its determination, Stope planning, Design of haul road, Selection of mining system vis-à-vis equipment
  system.

• Systems Engineering: Concepts of reliability; Reliability of simple systems; Maintainability and availability; Linear programming, transportation and assignment problems; Network analysis; Inventory models; Queuing theory; Decision trees.

Section 7 - General Aptitude 

• Verbal Ability: English grammar; Sentence completion, Instructions; Verbal analogies, Word groups; Critical reasoning, Verbal deduction. 

• Numerical Ability: Numerical computation; Numerical reasoning; Numerical estimation; Data interpretation. 

GATE Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering (NM) Syllabus 2022: Important Topics

GATE Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering (NM) Syllabus 2022 comprises five sections - Engineering Mathematics, Applied Mechanics and Structures, Fluid Mechanics and Marine Hydrodynamics, Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Thermodynamics and Marine Engineering. The topics included in each section are given below. 

GATE Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering (NM) Syllabus 2022: Section 1 (Engineering Mathematics)

• Engineering Mathematics : Determinants and matrices, Systems of linear equations, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Functions, gradient, divergence, curl, chain rules, partial derivatives, directional derivatives, definite and indefinite integrals, line surface and volume integrals, theorems of Stokes, Gauss and Green. Linear, non-linear, first and higher order ordinary and partial differential equations, separation of variables. Laplace transformation, analytical functions of complex variables, Fourier series, numerical methods for differentiation and integration, complex analysis, probability and statistics

GATE Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering (NM) Syllabus 2022: Section 2 (Applied Machines and Structures)

• Engineering Mechanics : Free-body diagrams and equilibrium; trusses and frames; virtual work; kinematics and dynamics of particles and rigid bodies in plane motion; impulse and momentum (linear and angular) and energy formulations.

• Mechanics of Materials : Stress and strain, elastic constants, Poisson’s ratio; Mohr’s circle for plane stress and plane strain; shear force and bending moment diagrams; bending and shear stresses; torsion; Euler’s theory of columns; energy methods; theories and failure, material testing methods.

• Vibrations : Free and forced vibration of damped and undamped systems, single and multi DOF systems.

• Machine Design :  Design for static and dynamic loading; Design of machine elements such as shafts, gears, rolling and sliding contact bearings; Joining technics such as bolting, riveting and welding.

GATE Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering (NM) Syllabus 2022: Section 3 (Fluid Mechanics and Marine Hydrodynamics)

• Fluid Mechanics : Fluid properties; fluid statics, stability of floating bodies; Conservation laws: Mass, momentum and energy (Integral and differential form); Dimensional analysis and dynamic similarity; sources, sinks, doublets, line vortex and their superposition; Stoke’s integral theorem. Generalised Bernoulli’s equation, sources, sinks, dipole, Flow with circulation, potential flow with rotational symmetry, hydrodynamical lift, Kutta-Joukowski theorem. Vortex motion- Fundamental concepts, vortex analogy to Biot-Savart’s law, straight parallel vortex filaments, vortex sheets. Viscous flowNavier-Stokes equations, Couette flow, Plane poiseuille flow. Equation of continuity, Euler‘s equation, Bernoulli‘s equation, Viscous flow of incompressible fluids, elementary turbulent flow, boundary layer, flow through pipes

• Boundary layer theory : Prandtl’s boundary layer equations, criterion for separation, Blasius solution, Skin friction, displacement thickness, momentum thickness, Turbulent boundary layer, Boundary layer control. Airfoils- Lift, drag, circulation, pressure distribution-theory of thin aerofoils, wings of infinite and finite span, circulation distribution, Cavitation

• Hydrodynamics : Vorticity and Kelvin’s theorem, Potential flow theory, Sources, Sinks and Doublets, hydrodynamic forces in potential flow, D’Alembert’s paradox, added-mass, slender-body theory, hydrodynamic model testing, scaling laws, application of potential theory to surface waves, energy transport, wave/body forces, linearised theory of lifting surfaces.

GATE Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering (NM) Syllabus 2022: Section 4 (Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering)

• Ship geometry and physical fundamentals : Archimedes’ principle, buoyancy and weight of ship, laws of flotation, heel and trim, stable and unstable equilibrium of ships, importance of streamlined hull shape, ship main particulars, hydrostatic calculations,

• Stability and trim of Ships : Statical stability at small angles of heel, Inclining experiment. Shift of centre of gravity due to addition or removal of mass, transverse movement of mass and effect, Free surface effect, Effect of suspended mass, Stability at large angles of heel, angle of loll, curves of statical stability, dynamical stability, Probabilistic and deterministic Damage Stability Different Characteristic curves of dynamic stability. Floodable length calculations and curves. Loss of stability due to grounding, docking stability. 

• Resistance & Propulsion : Components of ship resistance, form factor, hull roughness, model testing and ship resistance prediction methods, tank wall effects, determination of ship resistance different series test results, resistance of advanced vehicles, appendage and added resistance. Geometry of screw propeller, propeller theories, hull-propeller interactions, different propulsive efficiency definitions. Propeller cavitation and effects. Propeller design and series. Open water and selfpropulsion model tests. Different types of propellers and their working principles. Propeller material, strength and manufacturing.Unconventional propellers 

• Ship Manoeuvring and Motions : Ship path keeping and changing, equations of motion, linearised equations and control fixed stability indexes, model tests. Stability and control in the horizontal and vertical planes – definitive manoeuvres and sea trials. Rudder hydrodynamics, design and operation. Influence of propeller, hull, appendages etc. on rudder performance. Experimental methods for the determination of hydrodynamic derivatives. 

• Ocean waves : Regular, irregular, trochoidal. Wave spectrum, encounter frequency. Types of ship motions, coupled and non-coupled motions, equations of motion. Dynamic effects of ship motion in seaway. Different ship motion stabilisers – passive and active. Different numerical and experimental methods to determine ship motions – strip theory, BEM, FEM. Seakeeping features of high performance marine vehicles.

• Ship Structures & Strength : Shipbuilding materials, joining techniques, ship structural and framing systems – bottom, side, deck, bulkhead, end structures, and structural connections. Primary and secondary structural members, superstructure, hatch covers, machinery foundations, cargo handling systems and support structures Loads acting on ships in seaway, longitudinal and transverse strength considerations and estimation methods. Strength of hull girder, stiffened plate analysis, torsion of hull girder, deformation and stresses, local strength analysis; Reliability analysis and ultimate strength of hull girder, structural vibrations, fatigue and fracture.

• Physical Oceanography : Physical properties of seawater, Different types of ocean waves - tides and wind waves, and their importance. Offshore Structures: Fixed offshore platforms - Jackets, Gravity platforms; Floating platforms - semi-submersibles, jack-ups, TLPs, FPSOs; Mooring, station keeping. Port and Harbour Engineering: Ports and Harbours, Port structures - Jetties, Dolphins, Liquid berths, Dredging, Navigation 

GATE Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering (NM) Syllabus 2022: Section 5 (Thermodynamics and Marine Engineering)

• Thermodynamics : First law of thermodynamics - Closed system undergoing a cycle; closed system undergoing a change of state; Internal energy of a system; Expansion work; Process using ideal gas - constant pressure, constant volume, isothermal; adiabatic and polytropic process -work done and heat added in different process; First law applied to one - dimensional steady flow process, flow energy, steady flow energy equation (ID). Second law of Thermodynamics - Different statements; Reversible and irreversible process; Corollaries of second law - Absolute temperature scale; Carnot cycle - Carnot engine, refrigerator and heat pump. Clausius inequality and definition of entropy, change of entropy of an ideal gas; Gas power cycles and I.C.Engines; Gas power cycles: Carnot cycle, Brayton cycle, Erricson cycle, Sterling cycle etc.; Air standard cycles- Otto- Diesel, Dual and Joule cycle; Evaluation of thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure; Internal Combustion engine - Classification of I.C. engines -Principle of operation of spark Ignition and Compression Ignition engines both two stroke and four stroke; Stages of combustion in S.I. and C.I. engines Knocking and detonation- factors controlling knock and detonation, methods of preventing Knocking and detonation; Refrigeration - principle of operation of Simple vapour compression system, Comparison with vapour compression systems; Air conditioning principles - Sensible heating and cooling, Humidification and dehumidification, Cooling and humidification, Cooling and dehumidification- Heating and humidification, Heating and dehumidification, Adiabatic mixing of air streams –cooling and heating load calculation. 

• Marine Diesel Engines : General engine principles, Low speed and medium speed diesel engines, Two and Four stroke engines, Scavenging and turbocharging, Fuel oil system, Lubricating oil systems, cooling systems, torque and power measurement, Starting air systems and reversing systems, controls and safety devices, Couplings and Gearboxes, Specific Fuel Consumption. Waste heat recovery system, MARPOL regulations and Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP).

• Marine Steam Turbines : Types of turbines, compounding, reheat, turbine construction, rotors, blades, casing, Gland sealing, diaphragms, nozzles, bearings etc. Lubrication systems, expansion arrangements, Gearings. Marine gas turbines – fundamentals of G.T, Structure of gas turbines, gearing, operational features, controls, combined cycles. Nuclear propulsion –physical principles of the operation of nuclear reactors – use of nuclear propulsion on seagoing vessels, Electrical Propulsion, 

• Marine Boilers : Types - fire tube, water tube boilers, Package boilers, Cochran Boilers, Composite boilers, steam to steam generators, double evaporation boilers, exhaust gas heat exchangers, auxiliary steam plant systems, exhaust gas boilers, composite boilers. Boiler mounting, combustion, feed system, feedwater treatment. 

• Engine Dynamics : Torsional vibration of engine and shafting, axial shaft vibration, critical speeds, engine rating, rating corrections, trial tests etc. Relationship of engine to the propeller classification society rules on engine construction, Engine room arrangement. Automation of ship propulsion plants, Maintenance requirements and reliability of propulsion plants.

• Marine Auxiliary Machinery & Systems : Different types of pumps and piping systems in ships - hot water, drinking water, cooling water and seawater, fuel oil systems, lubricating oil system filters, coolers, centrifuges, purifiers and clarifiers, bilge and ballast systems, sewage disposal, oily water separator, air compressors, boilers, heat exchangers, waste heat recovery systems; Heat, ventilation and air conditioning systems; Dech machinery and cargo handling systems; Propulsions and steering gear systems.

GATE Syllabus for Physics 2022

GATE Syllabus for Physics 2022 includes nine sections/ major topics apart from General Aptitude. These include:

Section 1: Mathematical Physics

• Linear vector space: basis, orthogonality and completeness; matrices; vector calculus; linear differential equations; elements of complex analysis

• Cauchy Riemann conditions, Cauchy’s theorems, singularities, residue theorem and applications

• Laplace transforms, Fourier analysis; elementary ideas about tensors: covariant and contravariant tensor, Levi-Civita and Christoffel symbols.

Section 2: Classical Mechanics

• Alembert’s principle, cyclic coordinates, variational principle

• Lagrange’s equation of motion, central force and scattering problems, rigid body motion; small oscillations

• Hamilton’s formalisms; Poisson bracket; special theory of relativity

• Lorentz transformations, relativistic kinematics, mass‐energy equivalence.

Section 3: Electromagnetic Theory

• Solutions of electrostatic and magnetostatic problems including boundary value problems; dielectrics and conductors

• Maxwell’s equations; scalar and vector potentials; Coulomb and Lorentz gauges

• Electromagnetic waves and their reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction and polarization

• Poynting vector, Poynting theorem, energy and momentum of electromagnetic waves; radiation from a moving charge.

Section 4: Quantum Mechanics

• Postulates of quantum mechanics; uncertainty principle

• Schrodinger equation; one-, two- and three-dimensional potential problems; particle in a box, transmission through one-dimensional potential barriers, harmonic oscillator, hydrogen atom; linear vectors and operators in Hilbert space; angular momentum and spin; addition of angular momenta; time-independent perturbation theory; elementary scattering theory.

Section 5: Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics

• Laws of thermodynamics; macrostates and microstates; phase space; ensemble

• Partition function, free energy, calculation of thermodynamic quantities; classical and quantum statistics; degenerate

• Fermi gas; black body radiation and Planck’s distribution law; Bose‐Einstein condensation; first and second-order phase transitions, phase equilibria, critical point.

Section 6: Atomic and Molecular Physics

• Spectra of one‐ and many‐electron atoms

• LS and jj coupling; hyperfine structure; Zeeman and Stark effects; electric dipole transitions and selection rules; rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules; electronic transition in diatomic molecules

• Franck‐Condon principle; Raman effect; NMR, ESR, X-ray spectra; lasers: Einstein coefficients, population inversion, two and three-level systems.

Section 7: Solid State Physics

• Elements of crystallography; diffraction methods for structure determination; bonding in solids; lattice vibrations and thermal properties of solids; free electron theory; band theory of solids: nearly free electron and tight-binding models; metals, semiconductors and insulators; conductivity, mobility and effective mass;

• Optical properties of solids; Kramers-Kronig relation, intra- and inter-band transitions; dielectric properties of solid; dielectric function, polarizability, ferroelectricity; magnetic properties of solids; dia, para, ferro, antiferro and ferri-magnetism, domains and magnetic anisotropy; superconductivity: Type-I and Type II superconductors, Meissner effect, London equation, BCS Theory, flux quantization.

Section 8: Electronics

• Semiconductors in equilibrium: electron and hole statistics in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors; metal-semiconductor junctions;

• Ohmic and rectifying contacts; PN diodes, bipolar junction transistors, field effect transistors; negative and positive feedback circuits; oscillators, operational amplifiers, active filters; basics of digital logic circuits, combinational and sequential circuits, flip-flops, timers, counters, registers, A/D and D/A conversion.

Section 9: Nuclear and Particle Physics

• Nuclear radii and charge distributions, nuclear binding energy

• Electric and magnetic moments; nuclear models, liquid drop model: semi‐empirical mass formula

• Fermi gas model of nucleus, nuclear shell model; nuclear force and two nucleon problem; alpha decay, beta‐decay, electromagnetic transitions in nuclei

• Rutherford scattering, nuclear reactions, conservation laws; fission and fusion; particle accelerators and detectors; elementary particles, photons, baryons, mesons and leptons; quark model.

Section 10 - General Aptitude 

• Verbal Ability : English grammar; Sentence completion, Instructions; Verbal analogies, Word groups; Critical reasoning, Verbal deduction. 

• Numerical Ability : Numerical computation; Numerical reasoning; Numerical estimation; Data interpretation. 

GATE Statistics Syllabus 2022

GATE Statistics Syllabus 2022 consists of 9 different sections, they are : Calculus, Matrix Theory, Probability, Stochastic process, Estimation, Testing of hypothesis, Non parametric Statistics, Multivariate Analysis and Regression Analysis. The detailed syllabus for which is given below-

Section 1: Calculus

• Finite, countable and uncountable sets; Real number system as a complete ordered field, Archimedean property; Sequences of real numbers, convergence of sequences, bounded sequences, monotonic sequences

• Cauchy criterion for convergence; Series of real numbers, convergence, tests of convergence, alternating series, absolute and conditional convergence; Power series and radius of convergence; Functions of a real variable

• Limit, continuity, monotone functions, uniform continuity, differentiability, Rolle’s theorem, mean value theorems, Taylor’s theorem, L’ Hospital rules, maxima and minima, Riemann integration and its properties, improper integrals; Functions of several real variables: Limit, continuity, partial derivatives, directional derivatives, gradient, Taylor’s theorem, total derivative, maxima and minima, saddle point, method of Lagrange multipliers, double and triple integrals and their applications.

Section 2: Matrix Theory

• Subspaces of Rnn and Cnn, span, linear independence, basis and dimension, row space and column space of a matrix, rank and nullity, row reduced echelon form, trace and determinant, inverse of a matrix, systems of linear equations; Inner products in Rnn and Cnn, Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization

• Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, characteristic polynomial, Cayley-Hamilton theorem, symmetric, skew-symmetric, Hermitian, skew-Hermitian, orthogonal, unitary matrices and their eigenvalues, change of basis matrix, equivalence and similarity, diagonalizability, positive definite and positive semi-definite matrices and their properties, quadratic forms, singular value decomposition.

Section 3: Probability

• Axiomatic definition of probability, properties of probability function, conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem, independence of events; Random variables and their distributions, distribution function, probability mass function, probability density function and their properties, expectation, moments and moment generating function, quantiles, distribution of functions of a random variable, Chebyshev, Markov and Jensen inequalities.

• Standard discrete and continuous univariate distributions: Bernoulli, binomial, geometric, negative binomial, hypergeometric, discrete uniform, Poisson, continuous uniform, exponential, gamma, beta, Weibull, normal.

• Jointly distributed random variables and their distribution functions, probability mass function, probability density function and their properties, marginal and conditional distributions, conditional expectation and moments, product moments, simple correlation coefficient, joint moment generating function, independence of random variables, functions of random vector and their distributions, distributions of order statistics, joint and marginal distributions of order statistics; multinomial distribution, bivariate normal distribution, sampling distributions: central, chi-square, central t, and central F distributions.

• Convergence in distribution, convergence in probability, convergence almost surely, convergence in r-th mean and their inter-relations, Slutsky’s lemma, Borel-Cantelli lemma; weak and strong laws of large numbers; central limit theorem for i.i.d. random variables, delta method.

Section 4: Stochastic Processes 

• Markov chains with finite and countable state space, classification of states, limiting behaviour of n-step transition probabilities, stationary distribution, Poisson process, birth-and-death process, pure-birth process, pure-death process, Brownian motion and its basic properties.

Section 5: Estimation

• Sufficiency, minimal sufficiency, factorization theorem, completeness, completeness of exponential families, ancillary statistic, Basu’s theorem and its applications, unbiased estimation, uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimation, Rao-Blackwell theorem, Lehmann-Scheffe theorem

• Cramer-Rao inequality, consistent estimators, method of moments estimators, method of maximum likelihood estimators and their properties; Interval estimation: pivotal quantities and confidence intervals based on them, coverage probability.

Section 6: Testing of Hypotheses

• Neyman-Pearson lemma, most powerful tests, monotone likelihood ratio (MLR) property, uniformly most powerful tests, uniformly most powerful tests for families having MLR property, uniformly most powerful unbiased tests, uniformly most powerful unbiased tests for exponential families, likelihood ratio tests, large sample tests.

Section 7: Non-parametric Statistics

• Empirical distribution function and its properties, goodness of fit tests, chi-square test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, sign test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann-Whitney U-test, rank correlation coefficients of Spearman and Kendall.

Section 8: Multivariate Analysis

• Multivariate normal distribution: properties, conditional and marginal distributions, maximum likelihood estimation of mean vector and dispersion matrix, Hotelling’s T2 test, Wishart distribution and its basic properties, multiple and partial correlation coefficients and their basic properties.

Section 9: Regression Analysis

• Simple and multiple linear regression, R2 and adjusted R2 and their applications, distributions of quadratic forms of random vectors: Fisher-Cochran theorem, Gauss-Markov theorem, tests for regression coefficients, confidence intervals.

GATE Engineering Sciences (XE) Syllabus 2022

GATE Engineering Sciences (XE) consists of the following parts:

• XE-A: Engineering Mathematics

• XE-B: Fluid Mechanics

• XE-C: Material Science 

• XE-D: Solid Mechanics

• XE-E: Thermodynamics

• XE-F: Polymer Science & Engineering

• XE-G: Food Technology

• XE-H: Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences

A candidate is required to attempt three parts out of these 8 parts in GATE 2022 Engineering Sciences exam with the part XE-A (Engineering Mathematics) compulsory for all the candidates. The part wise GATE Engineering Sciences (XE) syllabus 2022 is given below:

GATE Engineering Sciences (XE) Syllabus 2022: XE-A: Engineering Mathematics

It is the branch of applied mathematics focusing on mathematical methods and techniques that are mostly used in the engineering industry. It is compulsory for all candidates. It is needed by engineers for practical, theoretical and other considerations and deals with limitations for efficiency in their work. The below table shows the topic and subtopic of this section. 

TOPIC : Linear Algebra

SUB-TOPIC :  Algebra of real matrices: Determinant, inverse and rank of a matrix; System of linear equations (conditions for unique solution, no solution and infinite number of solutions); Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices; Properties of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of symmetric matrices, diagonalization of matrices; Cayley- Hamilton Theorem.

TOPIC : Calculus

SUB-TOPIC : Functions of single variable: Limit, indeterminate forms and L'Hospital's rule; Continuity and differentiability; Mean value theorems; Maxima and minima; Taylor's theorem; Fundamental theorem and mean value theorem of integral calculus; Evaluation of definite and improper integrals; Applications of definite integrals to evaluate areas and volumes (rotation of a curve about an axis). Functions of two variables: Limit, continuity and partial derivatives; Directional derivative; Total derivative; Maxima, minima and saddle points; Method of Lagrange multipliers; Double integrals and their applications. Sequences and series: Convergence of sequences and series; Tests of convergence of series with non-negative terms (ratio, root and integral tests); Power series; Taylor's series; Fourier Series of functions of period 2π.

TOPIC : Vector Calculus

SUB-TOPIC : Gradient, divergence and curl; Line integrals and Green's theorem.

TOPIC : Complex Variables

SUB-TOPIC : Complex numbers, Argand plane and polar representation of complex numbers; De Moivre’s theorem; Analytic functions; Cauchy-Riemann equations.

TOPIC : Ordinary Differential Equations

SUB-TOPIC :  First order equations (linear and nonlinear); Second order linear differential equations with constant coefficients; Cauchy-Euler equation; Second order linear differential equations with variable coefficients; Wronskian; Method of variation of parameters; Eigenvalue problem for second order equations with constant coefficients; Power series solutions for ordinary points.

TOPIC : Partial Differential Equations

SUB-TOPIC : Classification of second order linear partial differential equations; Method of separation of variables: One dimensional heat equation and two dimensional Laplace equation.

TOPIC : Probability and Statistics

SUB-TOPIC : Axioms of probability; Conditional probability; Bayes' Theorem; Mean, variance and standard deviation of random variables; Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions; Correlation and linear regression.

TOPIC : Numerical Methods

SUB-TOPIC : Solution of systems of linear equations using LU decomposition, Gauss elimination method; Lagrange and Newton's interpolations; Solution of polynomial and transcendental equations by Newton-Raphson method; Numerical integration by trapezoidal rule and Simpson's rule; Numerical solutions of first order differential equations by explicit Euler's method.

GATE Engineering Sciences (XE) Syllabus 2022: XE-B: Fluid Mechanics

This branch of physics deals with the mechanics of fluids and forces on them.

TOPIC : Flow and Fluid Properties

SUB-TOPIC : Fluid Properties: Density, viscosity, surface tension, relationship between stress and strain-rate for Newtonian fluids. Classification of Flows: Viscous versus inviscid flows, incompressible versus compressible flows, internal versus external flows, steady versus unsteady flows, laminar versus turbulent flows, 1-D, 2-D and 3-D flows, Newtonian versus non-Newtonian fluid flow. Hydrostatics: Buoyancy, manometry, forces on submerged bodies and its stability.

TOPIC : Kinematics of Fluid Motion

SUB-TOPIC : Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of fluid motion. Concept of local, convective and material derivatives. Streamline, streakline, pathline and timeline.

TOPIC : Integral Analysis for a Control Volume

SUB-TOPIC :  Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) for conservation of mass, linear and angular momentum.

TOPIC : Differential Analysis

SUB-TOPIC : Differential equations of mass and momentum for incompressible flows. Inviscid flows - Euler equations and viscous flows - Navier-Stokes equations. Concept of fluid rotation, vorticity, stream function and circulation. Exact solutions of Navier-Stokes equations for Couette flow and Poiseuille flow, thin film flow.

TOPIC : Dimensional Analysis

SUB-TOPIC : Concept of geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarity. Buckingham Pi theorem and its applications. Non-dimensional parameters and their physical significance - Reynolds number, Froude number and Mach number.

TOPIC : Internal Flows

SUB-TOPIC : Fully developed pipe flow. Empirical relations for laminar and turbulent flows: friction factor, Darcy-Weisbach relation and Moody’s chart. Major and minor losses.

TOPIC : Bernoulli's Equation and its Applications, Potential Flows

SUB-TOPIC : Bernoulli’s equation: Assumptions and applications. Flow measurements - Venturi meter, Pitot-static tube and orifice meter. Elementary potential flows: Velocity potential function. Uniform flow, source, sink and vortex, and their superposition for flow past simple geometries.

TOPIC : External Flow

SUB-TOPIC : Prandtl boundary layer equations: Concept and assumptions. Boundary layer characteristics: Boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness and momentum thickness. Qualitative idea of boundary layer separation, streamlined and bluff bodies, and drag and lift forces.

GATE Engineering Sciences (XE) Syllabus 2022: XE-C : Material Science

Material science and engineering is an interdisciplinary field of material science that involves the discovery and design of new materials with an emphasis on solids.

TOPIC : Classfication and Structure of Materials

SUB-TOPIC : Classification of materials: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. Nature of bonding in materials:metallic,ionic, covalent and mixed bonding; structure of materials:fundamentals of crystallography, symmetry operations, crystal systems, Bravais lattices, unit cells, primitive cells, crystallographic planes and directions; structures of metals, ceramics, polymers, amorphous materials and glasses. Defects in crystalline materials: 0-D, 1-D and 2-D defects; vacancies, interstitials, solid solutions in metals and ceramics, Frenkel and Schottky defects; dislocations; grain boundaries, twins, stacking faults; surfaces and interfaces.

TOPIC : Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Phase Transformations

SUB-TOPIC : Extensive and intensive thermodynamic properties, laws of thermodynamics, phase equilibria, phase rule, phase diagrams (unary and binary), basic electrochemistry. Reaction kinetics, fundamentals of diffusion, Fick’s laws, their solutions and applications. Solidification of pure metals and alloys, nucleation andgrowth, diffusional solid-state phase transformations (precipitation and eutectoid), martensitic transformation.

TOPIC : Properties and Applications of Materials

SUB-TOPIC : Mechanical properties of metals, ceramics, polymers and composites at room temperature; stress-strain response (elastic, anelastic and plastic deformation). Electronic properties: free electron theory, Fermi energy, density of states, elements of band theory, semiconductors, Hall effect, dielectric behaviour, piezo- and ferro-electric behaviour. Magnetic properties:Origin of magnetism in materials, para-, dia-, ferro- and ferri-magnetism. Thermal properties: Specific heat, heat conduction, thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion, and thermoelectricity. Optical properties: Refractive index, absorption and transmission of electromagnetic radiation. Examples of materials exhibiting the above properties, and their typical/common applications.

TOPIC : Characterization and Measurements of Properties

SUB-TOPIC : X-ray diffraction;spectroscopic techniques such as UV-Vis, IR and Raman; optical microscopy, electron microscopy, composition analysisin electron microscopes. Tensile test, hardness measurement. Electrical conductivity, carrier mobility and concentrations. Thermal analysis techniques: thermogravimetry and calorimetry.

TOPIC : Processing of Materials

SUB-TOPIC : Heat treatment of ferrous and aluminium alloys; preparation of ceramic powders, sintering; thin film deposition: evaporation and sputtering techniques, and chemical vapour deposition, thin film growth phenomena.

TOPIC : Degradation of Materials

SUB-TOPIC : Corrosion and its prevention; embrittlement of metals; polymer degradation.

GATE Engineering Sciences (XE) Syllabus 2022: XE-D: Solid Mechanics

It is a branch of continuum mechanics that studies the behavior of solid materials under circumstances like motion and deformation of solids under the action of forces, temperature changes, phase changes and other external and internal agents.

TOPIC : Mechanics of Rigid Bodies

SUB-TOPIC : Equivalent force systems; free-body diagrams; equilibrium equations; analysis of determinate trusses and frames; friction; principle of minimum potential energy; particle kinematics and dynamics; dynamics of rigid bodies under planar motion; law of conservation of energy; law of conservation of momentum.

TOPIC : Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

SUB-TOPIC : Stresses and strains; transformation of stresses and strains, principal stresses and strains; Mohr’s circle for plane stress and plane strain; generalized Hooke’s Law; elastic constants; thermal stresses; theories of failure. Axial force, shear force and bending moment diagrams; axial, shear and bending stresses; combined stresses; deflection (for symmetric bending); torsion in circular shafts; thin walled pressure vessels; energy methods (Castigliano’s Theorems); Euler buckling.

TOPIC : Vibrations

SUB-TOPIC : Free vibration of undamped single degree of freedom systems.

GATE Engineering Sciences (XE) Syllabus 2022: XE-E: Thermodynamics

It is a branch of physics with heat and temperature and their relation to work and energy.

TOPIC : Basic Concept

SUB-TOPIC : Continuum and macroscopic approach; thermodynamic systems (closed and open); thermodynamic properties and equilibrium; state of a system, state postulate for simple compressible substances, state diagrams, paths and processes on state diagrams; concepts of heat and work, different modes of work; zeroth law of thermodynamics; concept of temperature.

TOPIC : First Law of Thermodynamics

SUB-TOPIC : Concept of energy and various forms of energy; internal energy, enthalpy; specific heats; first law applied to elementary processes, closed systems and control volumes, steady and unsteady flow analysis.

TOPIC : Second Law of Thermodynamics

SUB-TOPIC : Limitations of the first law of thermodynamics, concepts of heat engines and heat pumps/refrigerators, Kelvin- Planck and Clausius statements and their equivalence; reversible and irreversible processes; Carnot cycle and Carnot principles/theorems; thermodynamic temperature scale; Clausius inequality and concept of entropy; microscopic interpretation of entropy, the principle of increase of entropy, T-s diagrams; second law analysis of control volume; availability and irreversibility; third law of thermodynamics.

TOPIC : Properties of Pure Substances

SUB-TOPIC : Thermodynamic properties of pure substances in solid, liquid and vapor phases; P-v-T behaviour of simple compressible substances, phase rule, thermodynamic property tables and charts, ideal and real gases, ideal gas equation of state and van der Waals equation of state; law of corresponding states, compressibility factor and generalized compressibility chart.

TOPIC : Thermodynamics Relations

SUB-TOPIC : T-ds relations, Helmholtz and Gibbs functions, Gibbs relations, Maxwell relations, Joule-Thomson coefficient, coefficient of volume expansion, adiabatic and isothermal compressibilities, Clapeyron and Clapeyron-Clausius equations.

TOPIC : Thermodynamics Cycles

SUB-TOPIC : Carnot vapor cycle, ideal Rankine cycle, Rankine reheat cycle, air-standard Otto cycle, air-standard Diesel cycle, air-standard Brayton cycle, vapor- compression refrigeration cycle.

TOPIC : Ideal Gas Mixtures

SUB-TOPIC : Dalton’s and Amagat’s laws, properties of ideal gas mixtures, air-water vapor mixtures and simple thermodynamic processes involving them; specific and relative humidities, dew point and wet bulb temperature, adiabatic saturation temperature, psychrometric chart.

GATE Engineering Sciences (XE) Syllabus 2022: XE-F: Polymer Science and Engineering

It is a subfield of material science focusing primarily on polymer such as synthetic polymers.

TOPIC : Chemistry of High Polymers

SUB-TOPIC : Monomers, functionality, degree of polymerizations, classification of polymers, glass transition, melting transition, criteria for rubberiness, polymerization methods: addition and condensation; their kinetics, metallocene polymers and other newer methods of polymerization, copolymerization, monomer reactivity ratios and its significance, kinetics, different copolymers, random, alternating, azeotropic copolymerization, block and graft copolymers, techniques for polymerization-bulk, solution, suspension, emulsion. Concept of intermolecular order (morphology) – amorphous, crystalline, orientation states. Factor affecting crystallinity. Crystalline transition. Effect of morphology on polymer properties.

TOPIC : Polymer Characterization

SUB-TOPIC : Solubility and swelling, Concept of molecular weight distribution and its significance, concept of average molecular weight, determination of number average, weight average, viscosity average and Z-average molecular weights, polymer crystallinity, analysis of polymers using IR, XRD, thermal (DSC, DMTA, TGA), microscopic (optical and electronic) techniques, Molecular wt. distribution: Broad and Narrow, GPC, mooney viscosity

TOPIC : Synthesis, Manufacturing and Properties

SUB-TOPIC : Commodity and general purpose thermoplastics: PE, PP, PS, PVC, Polyesters, Acrylic, PU polymers. Engineering Plastics: Nylon, PC, PBT, PSU, PPO, ABS, Fluoropolymers Thermosetting polymers: Polyurethane, PF, MF, UF, Epoxy, Unsaturated polyester, Alkyds. Natural and synthetic rubbers: Recovery of NR hydrocarbon from latex; SBR, Nitrile, CR, CSM, EPDM, IIR, BR, Silicone, TPE, Speciality plastics: PEK, PEEK, PPS, PSU, PES etc. Biopolymers such as PLA, PHA/PHB.

TOPIC : Polymer Blends and Composites

SUB-TOPIC : Difference between blends and composites, their significance, choice of polymers for blending, blend miscibility-miscible and immiscible blends, thermodynamics, phase morphology, polymer alloys, polymer eutectics, plastic-plastic, rubber-plastic and rubber-rubber blends, FRP, particulate, long and short fibre reinforced composites. Polymer reinforcement, reinforcing fibres – natural and synthetic, base polymer for reinforcement (unsaturated polyester), ingredients / recipes for reinforced polymer composite.

TOPIC : Polymer Technology

SUB-TOPIC : Polymer compounding-need and significance, different compounding ingredients for rubber and plastics (Antioxidants, Light stabilizers, UV stabilizers, Lubricants, Processing aids, Impact modifiers, Flame retardant, antistatic agents. PVC stabilizers and Plasticizers) and their function, use of carbon black, polymer mixing equipments, cross-linking and vulcanization, vulcanization kinetics.

TOPIC : Polymer Rheology

SUB-TOPIC : Flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, different flow equations, dependence of shear modulus on temperature, molecular/segmental deformations at different zones and transitions. Measurements of rheological parameters by capillary rotating, parallel plate, cone-plate rheometer. Visco- elasticity-creep and stress relaxations, mechanical models, control of rheological characteristics through compounding, rubber curing in parallel plate viscometer, ODR and MDR.

TOPIC : Polymer Processing

SUB-TOPIC : Compression molding, transfer molding, injection molding, blow molding, reaction injection molding, filament winding, SMC, BMC, DMC, extrusion, pultrusion, calendaring, rotational molding, thermoforming, powder coating, rubber processing in two-roll mill, internal mixer, Twin screw extruder.

TOPIC : Polymer Testing

SUB-TOPIC : Mechanical-static and dynamic tensile, flexural, compressive, abrasion, endurance, fatigue, hardness, tear, resilience, impact, toughness. Conductivity-thermal and electrical, dielectric constant, dissipation factor, power factor, electric resistance, surface resistivity, volume resistivity, swelling, ageing resistance, environmental stress cracking resistance, limiting oxygen index. Heat deflection temperature –Vicat softening temperature, Brittleness temperature, Glass transition temperature, Co-efficient of thermal expansion, Shrinkage, Flammability, dielectric constant, dissipation factor, power factor, Optical Properties - Refractive Index, Luminous Transmittance and Haze, Melt flow index

TOPIC : Polymer Recycling and Waste Management

SUB-TOPIC : Polymer waste, and its impact on environment, Sources, Identification and Separation techniques, recycling classification, recycling of thermoplastics, thermosets and rubbers, applications of recycled materials. Life cycle assessment of polymer products (case studies like PET bottles, packaging bags)

GATE Engineering Sciences (XE) Syllabus 2022: XE-G: Food Technology

It is a branch of food science that deals with food production processes.

TOPIC : Food Chemistry and Nutrition

SUB-TOPIC : Carbohydrates: structure and functional properties of mono-, oligo-, & poly- saccharides including starch, cellulose, pectic substances and dietary fibre, gelatinization and retrogradation of starch. Proteins: classification and structure of proteins in food, biochemical changes in post mortem and tenderization of muscles. Lipids: classification and structure of lipids, rancidity, polymerization and polymorphism. Pigments: carotenoids, chlorophylls, anthocyanins, tannins and myoglobin. Food flavours: terpenes, esters, aldehydes, ketones and quinines. Enzymes: specificity, simple and inhibition kinetics, coenzymes, enzymatic and non- enzymatic browning. Nutrition: balanced diet, essential amino acids and essential fatty acids, protein efficiency ratio, water soluble and fat soluble vitamins, role of minerals in nutrition, co-factors, anti-nutrients, nutraceuticals, nutrient deficiency diseases. Chemical and biochemical changes: changes occur in foods during different processing.

TOPIC : Food Microbiology

SUB-TOPIC : Characteristics of microorganisms: morphology of bacteria, yeast, mold and actinomycetes, spores and vegetative cells, gram-staining. Microbial growth: growth and death kinetics, serial dilution technique. Food spoilage: spoilage microorganisms in different food products including milk, fish, meat, egg, cereals and their products. Toxins from microbes: pathogens and nonpathogens including Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Bacillus, Clostridium, and Aspergillus genera. Fermented oods and beverages: curd, yoghurt, cheese, pickles, soyasauce, sauerkraut, idli, dosa, vinegar, alcoholic beverages and sausage.

TOPIC : Food Products Technology

SUB-TOPIC : Processing principles: thermal processing, chilling, freezing, dehydration, addition of preservatives and food additives, irradiation, fermentation, hurdle technology, intermediate moisture foods. Food pack aging and storage: packaging materials, aseptic packaging, controlled and modified atmosphere storage. Cereal processing and products: milling of rice, wheat, and maize, parboiling of paddy, bread, biscuits, extruded products and ready to eat breakfast cereals. Oil processing: expelling, solvent extraction, refining and hydrogenation. Fruits and vegetables p processing: extraction, clarification, concentration and packaging of fruit juice, jam, jelly, marmalade, squash, candies, tomato sauce, ketchup, and puree, potato chips, pickles. Plantation crops processing and products: tea, coffee, cocoa, spice, extraction of essential oils and oleoresins from spices. Milk and milk products processing: pasteurization and sterilization, cream, butter, ghee, ice- cream, cheese and milk powder. Processing of animal products: drying, canning, and freezing of fish and meat; production of egg powder. Waste utilization: pectin from fruit wastes, uses of by-products from rice milling. Food standards and quality maintenance: FPO, PFA, A-Mark, ISI, HACCP, food plant sanitation and cleaning in place (CIP).

TOPIC : Food Engineering

SUB-TOPIC : Mass and energy balance; Momentum transfer: Flow rate and pressure drop relationships for Newtonian fluids flowing through pipe, Reynolds number. Heat transfer: heat transfer by conduction, convection, radiation, heat exchangers. Mass transfer: molecular diffusion and Flick's law, conduction and convective mass transfer, permeability through single and multilayer films. Mechanical operations: size reduction of solids, high pressure homogenization, filtration, centrifugation, settling, sieving, mixing & agitation of liquid. Thermal operations: thermal sterilization, evaporation of liquid foods, hot air drying of solids, spray and freeze-drying, freezing and crystallization. Mass transfer operations: psychometric, humidification and dehumidification operations.

GATE Engineering Sciences (XE) Syllabus 2022: XE-H: Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Syllabus

TOPIC : Atmospheric Sciences

SUB-TOPIC : Vertical Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere; Blackbody Radiation and Radiation Balance; Modes of Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere; Greenhouse Effect; Cloud Types; Laws of Thermodynamics; Gas Laws; Hydrostatic Equation; Clausius Clapeyron Equation; Adiabatic Processes, Humidity in the Atmosphere, Atmospheric Stability; Weather and Climate. Navier-Stokes and Continuity Equations; Compressible and Incompressible Fluids; Pressure Gradient, Centripetal, Centrifugal and Coriolis Forces; Geostrophic, Gradient and Cyclostrophic Balances; Circulations and Vorticity, General Circulation of the Atmosphere. Broad Features of Indian Monsoons, Monsoon Depressions; Tropical Convergence Zones; Tropical Cyclones.

TOPIC : Ocean Sciences

SUB-TOPIC : Vertical Profiles of Temperature and Salinity; Stability and Double Diffusion; Equation of State, Equations for Conservation of Mass, Momentum, Heat and Salt; Inertial Currents; Geostrophic Motion; Air-Sea Surface Fluxes; Wind-driven Circulation, Ekman and Sverdrup Transports; Storm Surges, Tides, Tsunamis and Wind Waves; Eddies and Gyres; Eastern and Western Boundary Currents, Equatorial Currents, Indian Ocean Current Systems; Thermohaline Circulation. Chemical Properties of Seawater, Major and Minor Elements, Ocean Acidification, Biochemical Cycling of Nutrients, Trace Metals and Organic Matter. Biological Pump; primary and Secondary Biological Productivity; Air-sea Exchange of Biogenic Dissolved Gases; Marine Ecology.

GATE Syllabus for Life Sciences (XL) 2022

GATE 2022 XL-P Chemistry Syllabus 2022

Section 1: Atomic Structure and Periodicity – Planck’s quantum theory, wave particle duality, uncertainty principle, quantum mechanical model of hydrogen atom, electronic configuration of atoms and ions. Periodic table and periodic properties: ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity and atomic size.

Section 2: Structure and Bonding – Ionic and covalent bonding, MO and VB approaches for diatomic molecules, VSEPR theory and shape of molecules, hybridization, resonance, dipole moment, structure parameters such as bond length, bond angle and bond energy, hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions. Ionic solids, ionic radii and lattice energy (Born‐Haber cycle). HSABprinciple.

Section 3: s, p & d Block Elements – Oxides, halides and hydrides of alkali, alkaline earth metals, B, Al, Si, N, P, and S. General characteristics of 3d elements. Coordination complexes: valence bond and crystal field theory, color, geometry, magnetic properties and isomerism.

Section 4: Chemical Equilibria – Colligative properties of solutions, ionic equilibria in solution, solubility product, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts, pH, buffer and their applications. Equilibrium constants (Kc, Kp and Kx) for homogeneous reactions

Section 5: Electrochemistry – Conductance, Kohlrausch law, cell potentials, emf, Nernst equation, Galvanic cells, thermodynamic aspects and their applications

Section 6: Reaction Kinetics – Rate constant, order of reaction, molecularity, activation energy, zero, first and second order kinetics, catalysis and elementary enzyme reactions.

Section 7: Thermodynamics – First law, reversible and irreversible processes, internal energy, enthalpy, Kirchoff equation, heat of reaction, Hess’s law, heat of formation. Second law, entropy, free energy and work function. Gibbs‐Helmholtz equation, Clausius‐Clapeyron equation, free energy change, equilibrium constant and Trouton’s rule. Third law of thermodynamics.

Section 8: Structure Reactivity Correlations and Organic Reaction Mechanisms – Acids and bases, electronic and steric effects, optical and geometrical isomerism, tautomerism, conformers and concept of aromaticity. Elementary treatment of SN1, SN2, E1 and E2 reactions, Hoffmann and Saytzeff rules, addition reactions, Markownikoff rule and Kharash effect. Aromatic electrophilic substitutions, orientation effect as exemplified by various functional groups. Diels‐Alder, Wittig and hydroboration reactions. Identification of functional groups by chemical tests.

Section 9: Chemistry of Biomolecules – Amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and nucleotides. Peptide sequencing by chemical and enzymatic proteolytic methods. DNA sequencing by chemical and enzymatic methods. Carbohydrates (upto hexoses only). Lipids (triglycerides only). Principles of biomolecule purification-Ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Identification of these biomolecules and Beer-Lambert’s law.

GATE 2022 XL-Q Biochemistry Syllabus 2022

Section 1 – Organization of life; Importance of water; Structure and function of biomolecules: Amino acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acids; Protein structure, folding and function: Myoglobin, Hemoglobin, Lysozyme, Ribonuclease A, Carboxypeptidase and Chymotrypsin.

Section 2 – Enzyme kinetics including its regulation and inhibition, Vitamins and Coenzymes; Metabolism and bioenergetics; Generation and utilization of ATP; Metabolic pathways and their regulation: glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis, glycogen and fatty acid metabolism; Metabolism of Nitrogen containing compounds: nitrogen fixation, amino acids and nucleotides. Photosynthesis: Calvin cycle.

Section 3 – Biochemical separation techniques: ion exchange, size exclusion and affinity chromatography, Characterization of biomolecules by electrophoresis, UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy and Mass spectrometry.

Section 4 – Cell structure and organelles; Biological membranes; Transport across membranes; Signal transduction; Hormones and neurotransmitters.

Section 5 – DNA replication, transcription and translation; Biochemical regulation of gene expression; Recombinant DNA technology and applications: PCR, site directed mutagenesis and DNA-microarray.

Section 6 – Immune system: Active and passive immunity; Complement system; Antibody structure, function and diversity; Cells of the immune system: T, B and macrophages; T and B cell activation; Major histocompatibility complex; T cell receptor; Immunological techniques: Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, RIA and ELISA.

GATE 2022 XL-R Botany Syllabus 2022

Section 1: Plant Systematics – Major systems of classification, plant groups, phylogenetic relationships and molecular systematics.

Section 2: Plant Anatomy – Plant cell structure and its components; cell wall and membranes; organization, organelles, cytoskeleton, anatomy of root, stem and leaves, floral parts, embryo and young seedlings, meristems, vascular system, their ontogeny, structure and functions, secondary growth in plants and stellar organization.

Section 3: Plant development – cell and tissue morphogenesis Life cycle of an angiosperm, development of male and female gametophyte; cell fate determination and tissue patterning; spacing mechanisms in trichomes and stomata. Embryogenesis, organization and function of shoot and root apical meristems. Transition to flowering: photoperiodism and vernalization, ABC model of floral organ patterning, pollen germination, double fertilization, seed development; Xylem and phloem cell differentiation, photomorphogenesis; phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin. Role of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids on plant development.

Section 4: Physiology and Biochemistry – Plant water relations, transport of minerals and solutes, stress physiology, stomatal physiology, signal transduction, N2 metabolism, photosynthesis, photorespiration; respiration, Flowering: photoperiodism and vernalization, biochemical mechanisms involved in flowering; molecular mechanism of senescence and aging, biosynthesis, mechanism of action and physiological effects of plant growth regulators, structure and function of biomolecules, (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid), enzyme kinetics.

Section 5: Genetics and genomics – Cell cycle and cell division. Principles of Mendelian inheritance, linkage, recombination, genetic mapping; extra chromosomal inheritance; Introduction to epigenetics; gene silencing- transgene silencing, post transcriptional gene silencing, miRNA and siRNA; evolution and organization of eukaryotic genome structure, gene expression, gene mutation and repair, chromosomal aberrations (numerical: euploidy and aneuploidy and structural: deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation), transposons. Model organisms for functional genetics and genomics; Introduction to transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics.

Section 6: Plant Breeding, Genetic Modification, Genome Editing Principles, methods – selection, hybridization, heterosis; male sterility, genetic maps and molecular markers, embryo rescue, haploid and doubled haploids, plant tissue culture: micropropagation, embryo culture and in vitro regeneration, somatic embryogenesis, artificial seed, cryopreservation, somaclonal variation, somatic cell hybridization, marker-assisted selection, gene transfer methods viz. direct and vector-mediated, generation of transgenic plants; Introduction to genome editing: CRISPR/Cas9, Cre-Lox system to generate chimeras; plastid transformation; chemical mutagenesis.

Section 7: Economic and applied Botany – A general account of economically and medicinally important plants- cereals, pulses, plants yielding fibers, timber, sugar, beverages, oils, rubber, pigments, dyes, gums, drugs and narcotics. Economic importance of algae, fungi, lichen and bacteria. Major Indian cash crops. Effect of industrialization on agricultural botany such as plastic on the fiber economy. Genetically modified crops and its regulation eg. Bt cotton, Bt brinjal golden rice etc.

Section 8: Plant Pathology – Nature and classification of plant diseases, diseases of important crops caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses, and their control measures (chemical and biological) mechanism(s) of pathogenesis, resistance: basal, systemic, induced systemic resistance, gene for gene concept. Molecular detection of pathogens; plant-microbe interactions: symbionts and mycorrhiza, pathogens and pests. Signaling pathways in plant defence response; salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in plant-pathogen and plant-herbivore interaction, necrosis; host- parasitic plant interaction (such as Cuscuta).

Section 9: Ecology and Environment – Ecosystems – types, dynamics, degradation, biogeochemical cycles, ecological succession; food webs and energy flow through ecosystem; vegetation types of the world, Indian vegetation types and biogeographical zones, climate and flora endemism; pollution and global climate change, speciation and extinction, biodiversity and conservation strategies, ecological hotspots, afforestation, habitat restoration; plant interactions with other organisms; epiphytes, parasites and endophytes.

GATE 2022 XL-S Microbiology Syllabus 2022

Section 1: Historical Perspective – Discovery of microbial world; Landmark discoveries relevant to the field of microbiology; Controversy over spontaneous generation; Role of microorganisms in transformation of organic matter and in the causation of diseases.

Section 2: Methods in Microbiology – Pure culture techniques; Theory and practice of sterilization; Principles of microbial nutrition; Enrichment culture techniques for isolation of microorganisms; Light-, phase contrast- and electron microscopy.

Section 3: Microbial Taxonomy and Diversity – Bacteria, Archaea and their broad classification; Eukaryotic microbes: Yeasts, molds and protozoa; Viruses and their classification; Molecular approaches to microbial taxonomy.

Section 4: Prokaryotic Cells: Structure and Function – Prokaryotic Cells: cell walls, cell membranes and their biosynthesis, mechanisms of solute transport across membranes, Flagella and Pili, Capsules, Cell inclusions like endospores and gas vesicles; Bacterial locomotion, including positive and negative chemotaxis.

Section 5: Microbial Growth – Definition of growth; Growth curve; Mathematical expression of exponential growth phase; Measurement of growth and growth yields; Synchronous growth; Continuous culture; Effect of environmental factors on growth.

Section 6: Control of Microorganisms – Effect of physical and chemical agents; Evaluation of effectiveness of antimicrobial agents.

Section 7: Microbial Metabolism – Energetics: redox reactions and electron carriers; An overview of metabolism; Glycolysis; Pentosephosphate pathway; Entner-Doudoroff pathway; Glyoxylate pathway; The citric acid cycle; Fermentation; Aerobic and anaerobic respiration; Chemolithotrophy; Photosynthesis; Calvin cycle; Biosynthetic pathway for fatty acids synthesis; Common regulatory mechanisms in synthesis of amino acids; Regulation of major metabolic pathways.

Section 8: Microbial Diseases and Host Pathogen – Interaction Normal microbiota; Classification of infectious diseases; Reservoirs of infection; Nosocomial infection; Emerging infectious diseases; Mechanism of microbial pathogenicity; Nonspecific defense of host; Antigens and antibodies; Humoral and cell mediated immunity; Vaccines; Immune deficiency; Human diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and pathogenic fungi.

Section 9: Chemotherapy/Antibiotics – General characteristics of antimicrobial drugs; Antibiotics: Classification, mode of action and resistance; Antifungal and antiviral drugs.

Section 10: Microbial Genetics – Types of mutation; UV and chemical mutagens; Selection of mutants; Ames test for mutagenesis; Bacterial genetic system: transformation, conjugation, transduction, recombination, plasmids, transposons; DNA repair; Regulation of gene expression: repression and induction; Operon model; Bacterial genome with special reference to E.coli; Phage λ and its life cycle; RNA phages; RNA viruses; Retroviruses; Basic concept of microbial genomics.

Section 11: Microbial Ecology – Microbial interactions; Carbon, sulphur and nitrogen cycles; Soil microorganisms associated with vascular plants.

GATE 2022 XL-T Syllabus 2022

Section 1: Animal world – Animal diversity, distribution, systematics and classification of animals, phylogenetic relationships.

Section 2: Evolution – Origin and history of life on earth, theories of evolution, natural selection, adaptation, speciation.

Section 3: Genetics Basic – Principles of inheritance, molecular basis of heredity, sex determination and sex-linked characteristics, cytoplasmic inheritance, linkage, recombination and mapping of genes in eukaryotes, population genetics.

Section 4: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology – Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates; replication, transcription and translation; regulation of gene expression, organization of genome, Kreb’s cycle, glycolysis, enzyme catalysis, hormones and their actions, vitamins.

Section 5: Cell Biology – Structure of cell, cellular organelles and their structure and function, cell cycle, cell division, chromosomes and chromatin structure. Section 6: Gene expression in Eukaryotes Eukaryotic gene organization and expression (Basic principles of signal transduction).

Section 6: Gene expression in Eukaryotes – Eukaryotic genome organization and regulation of gene expression, transposable elements.

Section 7: Animal Anatomy and Physiology – Comparative physiology, the respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system, the nervous system, the excretory system, the endocrine system, the reproductive system, the skeletal system, osmoregulation.

Section 8: Parasitology and Immunology – Nature of parasite, host-parasite relation, protozoan and helminthic parasites, the immune response, cellular and humoral immune response, evolution of the immune system.

Section 9: Development Biology – Embryonic development, cellular differentiation, organogenesis, metamorphosis, genetic basis of development, stem cells.

Section 10: Ecology – The ecosystem, habitats, the food chain, population dynamics, species diversity, zoogeography, biogeochemical cycles, conservation biology.

Section 11: Animal Behaviour – Types of behaviours, courtship, mating and territoriality, instinct, learning and memory, social behaviour across the animal taxa, communication, pheromones, evolution of animal behaviour.

GATE Agriculture Engineering Syllabus 2022

Candidates can check the syllabus for agriculture engineering below:

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Engineering Mathematics is one of the important and tough sections of the GATE exam. The section carries 15% weightage of questions in the question paper. Engineering Mathematics is the branch of applied mathematics concerning mathematical methods and techniques that are typically used in engineering and industry.

• Linear Algebra

• Calculus

• Vector Calculus

• Differential Equations

• Partial Differential Equations

• Probability and Statistics

• Numerical Methods

Section 2: Farm Machinery

Farm machinery is one of the most expensive and critical inputs when growing a rice crop. Machinery should be up to date and easy to use.

• Machine Design: Design and selection of machine elements – gears, pulleys, chains and sprockets and belts; overload safety devices used in farm machinery; measurement of force, stress, torque, speed, displacement and acceleration on machine elements - shafts, couplings, keys, bearings and knuckle joints.

• Farm Machinery: Soil tillage; forces acting on a tillage tool; hitch systems and hitching of tillage implements, functional requirements, principles of working, construction and operation of manual, animal and power operated equipment for tillage, sowing, planting, fertilizer application, inter-cultivation, spraying, mowing, chaff cutting, harvesting and threshing calculation of performance parameters - field capacity, efficiency, application rate and losses; cost analysis of implements and tractors.

Section 3: Farm Power

Humans, animals, and machines are all used as sources of power in agriculture production. When undertaking different operations on a farm, a certain amount of work is required to complete the task.

• Sources of Power: Sources of power on the farm - human, animal, mechanical, electrical, wind, solar and biomass; bio-fuels.

• Farm Power: Thermodynamic principles of I.C. engines; I.C. engine cycles; engine components; fuels and combustion; lubricants and their properties; I.C. engine systems – fuel, cooling, lubrication, ignition, electrical, intake and exhaust; selection, operation, maintenance and repair of I.C. engines; power efficiencies and measurement; calculation of power, torque, fuel consumption, heat load and power losses; performance index, cost analysis of implements and tractors.

• Tractors and Power tillers: Type, selection, maintenance and repair of tractors and power tillers; tractor clutches and brakes; power transmission systems – gear trains, differential, final drives and power take-off; mechanics of tractor chassis; traction theory; three point hitches - free link and restrained link operations; steering and hydraulic control systems used in tractors; tractor tests and performance; human engineering and safety considerations in design of tractor and agricultural implements.

Section 4: Soil and Water Conservation Engineering

Soil is the thin skin covering the land, clean water is becoming more valuable every day. Soil water relations, evapotranspiration, precipitation, runoff, erosion, flow in natural waterways and through reservoirs, wetland and groundwater hydrology, and water quality.

• Fluid Mechanics: Ideal and real fluids, properties of fluids; hydrostatic pressure and its measurement; continuity equation, kinematics and dynamics of flow; Bernoulli’s theorem; laminar and turbulent flow in pipes, Darcy- Weisbach and Hazen-Williams equations, Moody’s diagram; flow through orifices, weirs and notches; flow in open channels, dimensional analysis – concepts of geometric dimensionless numbers.

• Soil Mechanics: Engineering properties of soils; fundamental definitions and relationships; index properties of soils; permeability and seepage analysis; shear strength, Mohr’s circle of stress, active and passive earth pressures; stability of slopes, Terzaghi’s one dimensional soil consolidation theory. AG Agricultural Engineering

• Hydrology: Hydrological cycle and measurement of its components; meteorological parameters and their measurement; analysis of precipitation data; runoff estimation; hydrograph analysis, unit hydrograph theory and application; streamflow measurement; flood routing, hydrological reservoir and channel routing, Infiltration – indices and equations, drought and its classification.

• Surveying and Leveling: Measurement of distance and area; instruments for surveying and leveling; chain surveying, methods of traversing; measurement of angles and bearings, plane table surveying; types of leveling; theodolite traversing; contouring; total station, introduction to GPS survey, computation of areas and volume.

• Soil and Water Erosion: Mechanics of soil erosion - wind and water erosion: soil erosion types, factors affecting erosion; soil loss estimation; biological and engineering measures to control erosion; terraces and bunds; vegetative waterways; gully control structures, drop, drop inlet and chute spillways; earthen dams.

• Watershed Management: Watershed characterization and land use capability classification; water budgeting in watershed, rainwater harvesting, check dams and farm ponds.

Section 5: Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

Irrigation is the artificial exploitation and distribution of water at the project level aiming at the application of water at field level to agricultural crops in dry areas or in periods of scarce rainfall to assure or improve crop production. 

• Soil-Water-Plant Relationship: Water requirement of crops; consumptive use and evapotranspiration; measurement of infiltration, soil moisture and irrigation water infiltration. Irrigation Water Conveyance and Application Methods: Design of irrigation channels and underground pipelines; irrigation scheduling; surface, sprinkler and micro irrigation methods, design and evaluation of irrigation methods; irrigation efficiencies.

• Agricultural Drainage: Drainage coefficient; planning, design and layout of surface and sub-surface drainage systems; leaching requirement and salinity control; irrigation and drainage water quality and reuse; non- conventional drainage system.

• Groundwater Hydrology: Groundwater occurrence; Darcy’s Law, steady and unsteady flow in confined and unconfined aquifers, groundwater exploration techniques; overview of groundwater recharge estimation and artificial recharge techniques.

• Wells and Pumps: Types of wells, steady flow through wells; design and construction of water wells; classification of pumps; pump characteristics; pump selection and installation.

Section 6: Agricultural Processing Engineering

Agricultural Engineering deals with the design of farm machinery, the location, and planning of farm structures, farm drainage, soil management, and erosion control, water supply and irrigation, rural electrification, and the processing of farm products. 

• Engineering properties of agriculture produce: Physical, thermal, frictional, rheological and electrical properties.

• Evaporation and Drying: Concentration and drying of liquid foods – evaporators, tray, drum and spray dryers; hydrothermal treatments; drying and milling of cereals, pulses and oilseeds; drying kinetics; psychrometry – properties of air-water vapor mixture.

• Size Reduction and Material Handling: Mechanics and energy requirement in size reduction of agriculture produce; particle size analysis for comminuted solids; size separation by screening; fluidization of granular solids-pneumatic, bucket, screw and belt conveying; cleaning and grading; effectiveness of separation; centrifugal separation of solids, liquids and gases; homogenization; filtration and membrane separation.

• Processing of Agriculture Produce: Processing of seeds, spices, fruits and vegetables; value addition of agriculture produce.

• Storage Systems: Controlled and modified atmosphere storage; perishable food storage, godowns, bins and grain silos, packaging material and machines.

Section 7: Dairy and Food Engineering

Food engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines microbiology, applied physical sciences, chemistry, and engineering for food and related industries. Food engineers provide the technological knowledge transfer essential to the cost-effective production and commercialization of food products and services. 

• Heat and Mass Transfer: Steady state heat transfer in conduction, convection and radiation; transient heat transfer in simple geometry; working principles of heat exchangers; diffusive and convective mass transfer; simultaneous heat and mass transfer in agricultural processing operations; material and energy balances in food processing systems; water activity, sorption and desorption isotherms.

• Preservation of Food: Kinetics of microbial death – pasteurization and sterilization of milk and other liquid foods; preservation of food by cooling and freezing; refrigeration and cold storage basics and applications.

GATE 2022 Biomedical Engineering (BM) Syllabus

Given below is the detailed GATE 2022 Biomedical Engineering (BM) Syllabus. The candidates are advised to check out the same before appearing for GATE 2022. 

Section 1 - Engineering Mathematics:

• Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors.

• Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, Fourier series, vector identities, line, surface and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.

• Differential equations: First order linear and nonlinear differential equations, higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, method of separation of variables, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, initial and boundary value problems, solution of partial differential equations.

• Analysis of complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor's and Laurent's series, residue theorem.

• Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, conditional probability, mean, median, mode and standard deviation, random variables, discrete and continuous distributions: normal, Poisson and binomial distributions. Tests of Significance, statistical power analysis, and sample size estimation.

• Linear Regression and correlation analysis

• Numerical Methods: Matrix inversion, numerical solutions of nonlinear algebraic equations, iterative methods for solving differential equations, numerical integration.

Section 2 - Electrical Circuits:

• Voltage and current sources - independent, dependent, ideal and practical; v-i relationships of resistor, inductor and capacitor; transient analysis of RLC circuits with de excitation; Kirchoffs laws, superposition, Thevenin, Norton, maximum power transfer and reciprocity theorems; Peak, average and rms values of ac quantities; apparent, active and reactive powers; phasor analysis, impedance and admittance; series and parallel resonance, realization of basic filters with R, L and C elements, Bode plot.

Section 3 - Signals and Systems:

• Continuous and Discrete Signal and Systems - Periodic, aperiodic and impulse signals; Sampling theorem; Laplace and Fourier transforms; impulse response of systems; transfer function, frequency response of first and second order linear time invariant systems, convolution, correlation. Discrete time systems - impulse response, frequency response, DFT, Z - transform; basics of IIR and FIR filters.

Section 4 - Analog and Digital Electronics:

• Basic characteristics and applications of diode, BJT and MOSFET; Characteristics and applications of operational amplifiers - difference amplifier, adder, subtractor, integrator, differentiator, instrumentation amplifier, buffer, filters and waveform generators.

• Number systems, Boolean algebra; combinational logic circuits - arithmetic circuits, comparators, Schmitt trigger, encoder/decoder, MUX/DEMUX, multi-vibrators; Sequential circuits - latches and flip flops, state diagrams, shift registers and counters; Principles of ADC and DAC; Microprocessor- architecture, interfacing memory and input- output devices.

Section 5 - Measurements and Control Systems:

• SI units, systematic and random errors in measurement, expression of uncertainty – accuracy and precision index, propagation of errors; PMMC, MI and dynamometer type instruments; de potentiometer;bridges for measurement ofR, LandC,Q-meter. Basics of control system - transfer function.

Section 6 - Sensors and Bioinstrumentation:

• Sensors - resistive, capacitive, inductive, piezoelectric, Hall effect, electro chemical, optical; Sensor signal conditioning circuits; application of LASER in sensing and therapy.

• Origin of biopotentials and their measurement techniques- ECG, EEG, EMG, ERG, EOG, GSR, PCG, Principles of measuring blood pressure, body temperature, volume and flow in arteries, veins and tissues, respiratory measurements and cardiac output measurement.

• Operating principle of medical equipment -sphygmomanometer, ventilator, cardiac pacemaker, defibrillator, pulse oximeter, hemodialyzer; Electrical Isolation (optical and electrical) and Safety of Biomedical Instruments.

Section 7 - Human Anatomy and Physiology:

• Basics of cell, types of tissues and organ systems; Homeostasis; Basics of organ systems – musculoskeletal, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, endocrine, nervous, gastro-intestinal and reproductive.

Section 8 - Medical Imaging Systems:

• Basic physics, Instrumentation and image formation techniques in medical imaging modalities such as X-Ray, Computed Tomography, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Positron Emission Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Ultrasound.

Section 9 - Biomechanics:

• Kinematics of muscles and joints - free-body diagrams and equilibrium, forces and stresses in joints, biomechanical analysis of joints, Gait analysis; Hard Tissues - Definition of Stress and Strain, Deformation Mechanics, structure and mechanical properties of bone – cortical and cancellous bones; Soft Tissues - Structure, functions, material properties, viscoelastic properties, Maxwell & Voigt models; Biofluid mechanics - Flow properties of blood in the intact human cardiovascular system.

Section 10 - Biomaterials:

• Basic properties of biomaterials - Metallic, Ceramic, Polymeric and Composite; Fundamental characteristics of implants - biocompatibility, bioactivity, biodegradability; Basics of drug delivery; Basics of tissue engineering. Biomaterial characterization techniques - Rheology, Atomic Force Microscopy, Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.

GATE Syllabus for Environmental Science and Engineering 2022

The details of the GATE Syllabus for Environmental Science and Engineering 2022 is given below :

Section 1: Mathematics Foundation

• Linear Algebra: Determinants and matrices, Systems of linear equations, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

• Calculus: Functions, Limit, Continuity, Differentiability, Local maxima and minima, Taylor series, Tests for convergence, Definite and indefinite integrals, Application of definite integral to obtain area and volume, Partial and total derivatives.

• Differential Equations: Linear and non-linear first order ordinary differential equations (ODE), Higher order linear ODEs with constant coefficients, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Laplace transform and its application in solving linear ODEs.

• Probability and Statistics: Descriptive statistics, Measurement of central tendency, Dispersion, Skewness and kurtosis, Probability concepts, Conditional probability, Bayes theorem, Risk and reliability, Probability distributions, Correlation, Single and multiple regression models, Hypothesis testing (t-test, F-test, chi-square test).

Section 2: Environmental Chemistry

• Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry: Covalent and ionic bonding; Chemical equations, concentration and activity; Structure and chemistry of organic molecules; Radioactivity of elements; Chemical equilibria; Thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions.

• Principles of water chemistry: Water quality parameters and their measurement; Acid-base equilibria; Buffer solution; Carbonate system; Solubility of gases in water; Complexation, precipitation, and redox reactions; Inorganic and organic contaminants in water and their speciation.

• Soil chemistry; Organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and sodium absorption ratio.

• Atmospheric Chemistry: Composition of the atmosphere; Reactivity of trace substances in the atmosphere; Urban atmosphere—smog and particulate pollution; Chemistry of ozone formation; Chemistry of stratosphere.

Section 3: Environmental Microbiology

• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms; Characteristics of diverse groups of microorganisms; Classification of microorganisms; Microbial diversity; Plant-microbe and soil- microbe interactions; Role of microorganisms in wastewater treatment, bioremediation and biogeochemical cycling.

• Cell chemistry and cell biology: Structure of proteins, nucleic acid (DNA & RNA), lipids and polysaccharides; Bonds in biomolecules; Stereoisomerism in biomolecules; Structure of cell; Structure and function of cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, outer membrane, glycocalyx, chromosomes, endospores, storage products, mitochondria and chloroplasts.

• Microbial metabolism: Anabolism and catabolism; Phosphorylation; Glycolysis; TCA cycle; Electron transport chain; Fermentation; Anaerobic respiration; Energy balances; Enzymes and Enzyme kinetics.

• Growth and control of microorganisms: Bacterial nutrition and growth; Specific growth rate and doubling time; Monod’s model; Types of culture media; Batch and continuous culture; Effects of environmental factors on growth; Control of microbes using physical and chemical methods.

• Microbiology and health: Pathogens and modes of transmission; Indicator organisms; Quantification of coliforms using MPN and membrane filtration techniques.

Section 4: Water Resources and Environmental Hydraulics

• Global Water Resources: Structure, properties and distribution of water; Water quality; Threats to water resources; Water conservation.

• Surface Water Resources: Hydrological cycle and water balance - precipitation, infiltration, evapotranspiration, runoff; Flow hydrographs; Unit hydrographs; Stage-discharge relationship; Reservoir capacity; Reservoir and channel routing; Surface run-off models; Surface water management; Rain water harvesting and storage.

• Groundwater Resources: Geologic formations as aquifers; Vadose and saturated zones; Confined and unconfined aquifers and their parameters - porosity, permeability, transmissivity and storage coefficient; Darcy’s law and applications; Steady state well hydraulics.

• Environmental Hydraulics: Concepts of mechanics; Properties of fluids; Pressure measurement; Hydrostatic force on surfaces; Buoyancy and flotation; Laminar and turbulent flow; Flow through pipes; Pipe networks; Boundary layer theory; Forces on immersed bodies; Flow measurement in channels and pipes; Kinematics of flow; Continuity, momentum and energy equations; Channel hydraulics - specific energy, critical flow, hydraulic jump, rapid and gradually varied flow; Design of lined and unlined channels.

Section 5: Water & Wastewater Treatment and Management

• Water and wastewater quality parameters; Eutrophication and thermal stratification in lakes; River pollution - Oxygen sag curve.

• Water treatment methods - screening, sedimentation with and without coagulation, filtration, desalination, disinfection; Water distribution and storage

• Point and nonpoint sources of wastewater; Population forecasting methods; Design of sewer and storm water sewers; Sewer appurtenances; Preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary sewage treatment; Sludge generation, processing and disposal methods; Sewage farming.

• Sources and characteristics of industrial effluents; Concept of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP); Wastewater recycling and zero liquid discharge.

• Kinetics and reactor design: Mass and energy balance, Order and rate of reactions, Batch reactors, Completely mixed flow reactors, Plug flow reactors.

Section 6: Air and Noise Pollution

• Structure of the atmosphere; Natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution; Atmospheric sources, sinks, transport; Indoor air pollution; Effects on health and environment; Air pollution: gases and particulate matter; Air quality standards; Primary and secondary pollutants; Criteria pollutants, ambient and source standards, air quality indices, visibility.

• Particulate pollutants: measurement and control methods; Control of particulate air pollutants using gravitational settling chambers, cyclone separators, wet collectors, fabric filters (Bag- house filter), electrostatic precipitators (ESP).

• Gaseous Pollutants: Measurement and control methods; Control of gaseous contaminants: absorption, adsorption, condensation and combustion; Control of sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons; Vapour-liquid and vapour-solid equilibria; Diffusion, Fick’s law and interfacial mass transfer.

• Automotive emission controls, fuel quality, diesel particulate filters, catalytic convertors.

• Air quality management: Point, line and area sources; Inventory; Influence of meteorology - wind rose diagrams, stability, mixing height, topography, dispersion modelling, monitoring.

• Noise pollution: Sources; Health effects; Standards; Measurement and control methods.

Section 7: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

• Integrated solid waste management; Waste hierarchy; Rules and regulations for solid waste management in India.

• Municipal solid waste management: Sources, generation, characteristics, collection and transportation, waste processing and disposal (including reuse options, biological methods, energy recovery processes and landfilling).

• Hazardous waste management: Characteristics, generation, fate of materials in the environment, treatment and disposal.

• Soil contamination and leaching of contaminants into groundwater.

• Management of biomedical waste, plastic waste and E-waste: Sources, generation and characteristics; Waste management practices including storage, collection and transfer.

Section 8: Global and Regional Environmental Issues

• Global effects of air pollution – Greenhouse gases, global warming, climate change, urban heat islands, acid rain, ozone hole.

• Ecology and various ecosystems; Biodiversity; Factors influencing increase in population, energy consumption, and environmental degradation.

Section 9: Environmental Management and Sustainable Development

• Environmental Management Systems; ISO14000 series; Environmental auditing: Environmental Impact Assessment; Life cycle assessment; Human health risk assessment

• Environmental Law and Policy – Objectives; Polluter pays principle, Precautionary principle; The Water and Air Acts with amendments; The Environment (Protection) Act (EPA) 1986; National Green Tribunal Act, 2010; National Environment Policy; Principles of International Law and International treaties.

• Energy and Environment: Energy sources – overview of resources and reserves; Renewable and non-renewable energy sources; Energy-Environment nexus.

• Sustainable Development: Definition and concepts of sustainable development; Sustainable development goals; Hurdles to sustainability; Environment and economics

GATE General Aptitude Section:

• Verbal Ability : English grammar; Sentence completion, Instructions; Verbal analogies, Word groups; Critical reasoning, Verbal deduction. 

• Numerical Ability : Numerical computation; Numerical reasoning; Numerical estimation; Data interpretation. 

GATE Geomatics Engineering (GE) Syllabus 2022: Important Topics

Candidates who wish to ace GATE GE 2022, need to go through the detailed syllabus. General Aptitude Syllabus for GE will remain the same as other papers. Meanwhile, given here is the detailed syllabus of all the three sections in GATE GE. 

GATE Geomatics Engineering (GE) Syllabus 2022: Part A (Mandatory)